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  /Title (g1b-the-living-world.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (genius\_elffo)
  /Subject (G1B The Living World Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{G1B The Living World Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{genius\_elffo} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/200984/cs/42643/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 6th March, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2.1 Ecosystems - Feature of Ecosystems}}  \tn
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{\bf{ecosystem}} & - a unit that includes all {\emph{biotic}} components (e.g. plants \& animals) and {\emph{abiotic}} components (e.g. soil \& climate in an area) \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{· the organisms in ecosystems can be classed as {\emph{producers}}, {\emph{consumers}}, or {\emph{decomposers}}} \tn 
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· {\bf{producer}} \{\{nl\}\} · {\bf{consumer}} \{\{nl\}\} · {\bf{decomposer}} & - an organism that uses sunlight energy to produce food \{\{nl\}\} - an organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms - producers or other consumers \{\{nl\}\} - an organism that gets its energy by breaking down material, e.g. dead producers (e.g. fallen leaves) \& dead consumers \{\{nl\}\} ~ (e.g. animal remains) ; e.g. bacteria \& fungi \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{When dead material is decomposed, nutrients are released into the soil. The nutrients are then taken up from the soil by plants. \{\{nl\}\} The plants may be eaten by consumers. When the plants or consumers die, the nutrients are returned to the soil.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2.1 Ecosystems - Feature of Ecosystems (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{nutrient cycle}} & - the interdependence of biomass, litter, soil \{\{nl\}\} ~ -\textgreater{} people \& ecosystem components are interdependent as well \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Components of an ecosystem depend on others, e.g. consumers depend on producers for a source of food or habitat.} \tn 
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{\bf{interdependence}} & - the dependence of two/more components of an ecosystem on one another \tn 
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-\textgreater{} & hot dry summer \textgreater{} reduced plant growth \textgreater{} fewer berries for birds in the winter \textgreater{} number of sparrows \& thrushes fall \textgreater{} \{\{nl\}\} fewer birds for sparrowhawks to hunt so numbers fall \tn 
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-\textgreater{} & hedgrow trimmed \textgreater{} fewer habitats for ladybirds, greenfly \& spiders, so numbers fall \textgreater{} \{\{nl\}\} sparrows \& thrushes have less to eat, so numbers fall \textgreater{} fewer birds for sparrowhawks to hunt so numbers fall \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2.1 Ecosystems - Feature of Ecosystems (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{food webs}} & {\bf{producers \textgreater{} primary consumers \textgreater{} secondary consumers \textgreater{} tertiary consumers}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} · as you move up the food web, energy is lost at each stage, which means less consumers can be supported \{\{nl\}\} · each consumer in a food chain 'wastes' / 'uses' nearly all energy taken in \{\{nl\}\} · around 90\% of energy at each level is lost through life processes \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2.1 Ecosystems - UK Local Ecosystem}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Epping Forest}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\}  · an area of deciduous forest in London (east) \{\{nl\}\} ~ - all that remains of a larger forest that colonised England at the end of Ice Age \{\{nl\}\} · ponds \& bogs have their own unique species, including 20 types of dragonfly \{\{nl\}\} · for 1000 years, Epping Forest has been managed in various ways, \{\{nl\}\} ~ e.g. royal hunting ground, timber resources, recreation nowadays} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Characteristics of Epping Forest Food Web}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} · large number of native tree species, e.g. oak, elm, ash \& beech \{\{nl\}\} · lower shrub layer of holly \& hazel at 5m, overlying grassesm bracken, fern \& flowering plants -\textgreater{} 177 species of moss \& lichen \{\{nl\}\} ~ -\textgreater{} {\emph{great diversity of producer species}} \{\{nl\}\} · many insect, mammal \& bird consumer species -\textgreater{} 9 amphibian \& reptile species and 38 bird species \{\{nl\}\} · 700 species of fungi -\textgreater{} important decomposers} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{How is the ecosystem interdependent?}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} · most trees are deciduous -\textgreater{} adaptation to UK climate \{\{nl\}\} ~ - trees grow broad green leaves in spring -\textgreater{} maximises photosynthesis in summer \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ -\textgreater{} sheds leaves in autumn \& conserve energy in winter \{\{nl\}\} · by mid-autumn, forest floor covered with thick layers of leaves ; by spring, the litter all disappears (work done by decomposers \& detrivores) \{\{nl\}\} ~ -\textgreater{} nutrients stored in leaves now converted to humus in soil, ready to support the new season's plant growth \{\{nl\}\} ~ ~ ~ {[}production of fruits \& berries -\textgreater{} primary consumers{]} \{\{nl\}\} · coppicing - cuttine back trees to encourage new growth of wood} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Explanation of Characteristics of Epping Forest Nutrient Cycle}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} · the biomass store is large due to the great height of trees \& dense undergrowth \{\{nl\}\} · the soil store is large due to plenty of humus \{\{nl\}\} · high flow rates between litter, soil \& biomass stores reflect the viogorous cycle of new growth that takes place each year \{\{nl\}\} · the forests also loses a lot of nutrients each year, via leaching, during episodes of heavy rainfall} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{p{1.727 cm} p{1.727 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2.1 Ecosystems - Distribution of Ecosystems}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{How does climate influence the distribution of global ecosystems?}} \{\{nl\}\}  \{\{nl\}\} · the most important factor affecting the distribution of the world's biomes \{\{nl\}\}  · major influence over what plants grow and what animals live in the area \{\{nl\}\}  · the climate of an area is mainly influenced by its location on planet earth \{\{nl\}\} ~ - the closer to the equator, the warmer the climate is \{\{nl\}\}  ~ - the further north / south from the equator, the colder the climate is} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{How does Hadley cells influence the distribution of global ecosystems?}} \{\{nl\}\}  \{\{nl\}\} · the circulation of air in Hadley cells influences climate as well \{\{nl\}\}  · places located on the equator tend to be wetter as {\emph{air rises}} and condenses to form clouds ; \{\{nl\}\}  ~ - tropical rainforests usually found on the equator  · places located on the tropics tend to be drier as {\emph{air sinks}} there ; \{\{nl\}\} ~ - deserts usually found on the tropics} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{How does local factors influence the distribution of global ecosystems?}} \{\{nl\}\}  \{\{nl\}\} · altitude, relief, ocean currents influence the distribution of global ecosystems \{\{nl\}\}  · the temperature drop is aprox. -0.5° for every 100m increase in altitude \{\{nl\}\}  · mountains cause {\emph{relief rainfall}} on one side of the range \& a rain shadow on the other \{\{nl\}\} · colder currents create {\emph{arid}} conditions due to {\emph{less evaporation}} ; \{\{nl\}\} ~ warmer currents {\emph{increases evaporation}} and therefore {\emph{moisture}}, resulting in the increased chances of rain} \tn 
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{\bf{Tundra}} & · found at high latitudes (above 60° N) in Northern Europe, Canada and Alaska \{\{nl\}\}  · very cold winters ; brief summers ; little rainfall \{\{nl\}\}  · hardly any trees - vegetations include mosses, grasses and low shrubs \{\{nl\}\}  · {\emph{permafrost}} - a layer of permanently frozen ground \tn 
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{\bf{Boreal Forest}} & · found between 50 - 60° N ; also known as {\emph{taiga}} \{\{nl\}\}  · cold \& dry winters ; mild \& moist summers \{\{nl\}\}  · {\emph{coniferous}} trees - evergreen, with needles \tn 
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{\bf{Temperate Deciduous Forest}} & · found mainly in mid-latitudes where there are four distinct seasons \{\{nl\}\}  · warm summers ; relatively mild winters ; moderate rainfall all year round \{\{nl\}\}  · deciduous trees lose their leaves in winter to cope with the colder weather \{\{nl\}\} \tn 
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{\bf{Hot desert}} & · found between 15 - 35° north \& south of the equator where there is little rainfall \{\{nl\}\}  · very hot during day ; very cold during night \{\{nl\}\}  · shrubs \& cacti are sparsely distributed in the sandy soil \tn 
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{\bf{Grassland}} & · {\emph{savannah grasslands}} are found between the tropics \{\{nl\}\}  \&nbsp - distinct dry \& wet seasons ; relatively low rainfall ; most vegetation is grasses with few scattered trees \{\{nl\}\}  · {\emph{temperate grasslands}} are found at higher latitudes \{\{nl\}\} \&nbsp - more variation in temperature ; less rainfall ; no trees - just grasses \tn 
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{\bf{Tropical Rainforest}} & · found around the equator between the tropics, where it is hot \& wet all year round \{\{nl\}\}  · area of lush forest, with dense canopies of vegetation forming distinct layers \tn 
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{\bf{Polar}} & · found around the north and south poles \{\{nl\}\}  · very cold, icy and dry ; not much grows at all \{\{nl\}\}  · remains dark for several months each year ; very short growing season - two months \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{3.7994 cm} x{13.4706 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1.2.2 Tropical Rainforests - Characteristics}}  \tn
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{\bf{climate}} & · the climate is same all year round with no definite seasons \{\{nl\}\}  · the temperature is generally between 20-28° and only varies by a few degrees over the year \{\{nl\}\}  · very high rainfall, around 2000m per year ; usually rains in the afternoon everyday \tn 
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{\bf{soil}} & · the soil isn't very fertile as heavy rain washes nutrients away  \{\{nl\}\}  · there are only nutrients at surface due to decayed leaf fall, however this layer is very thin due to fast decay \{\{nl\}\}  ~ in warm, moist conditions \{\{nl\}\} \tn 
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{\bf{plants}} & · most trees are evergreen to take advantage of the continual growing season \{\{nl\}\}  · really tall trees \& dense vegetation cover -\textgreater{} very little sunlight reaches the floor \{\{nl\}\}  · there are lots of {\emph{epiphytes}} - plants that grow on other living plants to reach higher positions in order to absorb more sunlight \{\{nl\}\}  ~ e.g. orchids \& ferns \tn 
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{\bf{animals}} & · rainforest ecosystems contain more animal species than any other \{\{nl\}\}  · e.g. gorillas, jaguars, anacondas, tree frogs \& sloths \tn 
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{\bf{people}} & · many indigenous people have adapted to life in rainforests, making a living by hunting, fishing, gathering nuts \& berries \{\{nl\}\}  ~ and growing vegetables in small garden plots \tn 
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{\bf{Causes}} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{population pressure}} \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{mineral extraction}} \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{energy development}} \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{commercial logging}} \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{commercial farming}} \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{subsistence farming}} & \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} - as the population in the area increases, trees are cleared to make land for new settlements \{\{nl\}\} - minerals (e.g. gold \& iron ore) are mined and sold to make money \{\{nl\}\} - building dams to generate hydro-electric power floods large area of forest \{\{nl\}\} - trees are felled for profit and road building \{\{nl\}\} - forest is cleared to make space for cattle grazing, palm oil \& soya plantations \{\{nl\}\} - forest is cleared so farmers can grow food to provide for themselves \& families \tn 
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{\bf{Environmental Impacts}} & · no roots to bind soil -\textgreater{} soil erosion -\textgreater{} landslides \& flooding \{\{nl\}\} · no tree canopy to intercept rainfall \& no tree roots to absorb water -\textgreater{} more nutrients washed away -\textgreater{} \{\{nl\}\} ~ reduces soil fertility \{\{nl\}\} · no trees to remove CO2 \& burning vegetation releases CO2 -\textgreater{} more CO2 in atmosphere \{\{nl\}\} ~ -\textgreater{}adds to greenhouse effect -\textgreater{} worsen climate change \tn 
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{\bf{Economic Impacts}} & · logging, farming, mining creates jobs -\textgreater{} income -\textgreater{} boosts local economy \{\{nl\}\} · large amounts of profit made from selling timber, mining and commercial farming \{\{nl\}\} · destroys resources that countries depend on, e.g. timber \& reduces attractiveness of area to tourists \{\{nl\}\} · may destroy livelihood of locals - animals \& plants relied on to make living may be lost \{\{nl\}\} · pollution of water supplies \& increasing dry climates -\textgreater{} water shortages \tn 
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{\bf{Sustainable Management}} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{selective logging}} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{replanting}} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{ecotourism}} & \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} · only some older trees are felled ; most trees are left standing \{\{nl\}\} · this means the overall structure of forest is kept, so that the forest will be able to regenerate to be used in future \{\{nl\}\} · {\emph{helicopter logging}} is used in Sarawak, Malaysia, removing felled trees with helicopters instead of trucks \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} · new trees are planted to replace the ones cut down \{\{nl\}\} · same types of tree planted to maintain variety \{\{nl\}\} · there are laws to make logging companies to replant trees \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} · ecotourism minimises damage to environment \& benefits locals \{\{nl\}\} · income in ecotourism for locals  (e.g. guides, providing accommodation \& transport) -\textgreater{} less employment in logging \{\{nl\}\} · country's economy reliant on ecotourism -\textgreater{} more incentive \& raise awareness for conservation \{\{nl\}\} · e.g. ecotourism = largest source of income in Costa Rica (21\%) \tn 
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