\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{fongrsy} \pdfinfo{ /Title (ionic-and-covalent-bonding.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (fongrsy) /Subject (Ionic and Covalent Bonding Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{00C5E3} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{EFFBFD} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Ionic and Covalent Bonding Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{fongrsy} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/65383/cs/17916/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}fongrsy \\ \uline{cheatography.com/fongrsy} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 15th November, 2018.\\ Updated 15th November, 2018.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why do atoms bond?}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Atoms like Noble Gases do not combine with other atoms because they have stable electronic structures \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) • All other atoms bond during chemical reactions in order to have a Stable Noble Gas Configuration \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) • Bonding only involves the valence electrons \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) • Valence electrons are responsible for the chemical properties of an atom% Row Count 9 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forming Ions}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Atoms of metals have few valence electrons (1-2) thus they tend to lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) • Atoms of non-metals have many valence electrons (4-7) thus they tend to gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) • In this way, they obtain the electronic configuration of a stable noble gas.% Row Count 8 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ionic Bonding}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Ionic bonding is the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged metal cations and non-metal anions. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) • Ionic bonding occurs between 1 METALLIC atom and 1 or more NON-METALLIC atoms. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) • It involves the TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS from a metal atom to a non-metal atom to achieve a stable noble gas configuration. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3) • This results in the formation of oppositely \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) charged IONS.% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Covalent Bonding}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• A covalent bond occurs between 2 or more NON-METALLIC atoms. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) • It involves the SHARING of one or more pair/s of electrons between the non-metallic atoms to achieve a noble gas electronic configuration. This results in the formation of MOLECULES. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4) • The bonds can be formed between atoms of the same elements or between atoms of different elements. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3) • A COVALENT bond is the electrostatic forces of attraction between the nuclei of the 2 atoms and the pair of shared electrons.% Row Count 12 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.23579 cm} x{1.41887 cm} x{1.92234 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ionic Bonding VS Covalent Bonding}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Difference}} & {\bf{Ionic Bond}} & {\bf{Covalent Bond}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Atoms involved & Metal and Non-metal & Non-metals only \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Formed by & Electron Transfer & Electron Sharing \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{Electrical} \seqsplit{Conductivity} & Only in \seqsplit{aqueous/molten} form & Does not conduct EXCEPT for graphite \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Solubility} in Water & Most are soluble & Most are insoluble \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dot and Cross (Ionic)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Write down the formula of the compound and the electronic configuration of the atoms. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) 2. Look at the valency of the atoms and determine how many need to be transferred. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) 3. The cation loses all its valence electrons while the anion gains electrons until both ions obtain a stable noble gas configuration. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3) 4. Draw circles to represent the electron shells and dots/crosses to represent electrons. (Do not forget to write the element's formula in the centre of the circle.) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4) 5. For the anion, use the symbol (dots or crosses) that you used for the cation to represent the number of ions transferred from the cation to the anion. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4) 6. Remember to draw brackets, write the number of atoms before the brackets, and write the charge to the top right of the bracket. (e.g 3+)% Row Count 18 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dot and Cross (Covalent)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Write down the formula of the compound and the electronic configuration of the atoms. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) 2. Look at the valency of the atoms and determine how many need to be shared. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) 3. For compounds of a single element like Cl2 or N2, the number of bonds that need to be shared is the number of electrons it needs to become stable. (E.g for N2, it has 5 valence electrons and needs 3 more to become stable, therefore it has 3 pairs of shared electrons.) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 6) 4. For compounds made of multiple elements, determine how many bonds are required for all elements to become stable. Note that 1 pair of shared electrons = 1 more electron for the atom. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4) 5. Draw circles to represent the valence electron shells and dots/crosses to represent the valence electrons. Note that the circles have to intersect so there is space to draw shared pairs of electrons. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 5) 6. Draw the valence electrons on the circles and the shared pairs of electrons in the intersection.% Row Count 21 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1 pair of shared electrons = 1 more electron for the individual atom} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}