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\author{flosada}
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  /Title (constitutional-law-final.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (flosada)
  /Subject (Constitutional Law Final Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Constitutional Law Final Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{flosada} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/216871/cs/47517/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}flosada \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 16th December, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Block 1: Constitutional theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Constitution (Formal) & A central written document containing the basic rules that govern the state. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Constitution (Substantive) & The entire body of fundamental rules governing a political entity, regardless of whether they are codified in a single document. \tn 
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% Row 2
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Popular sovereignty & "We the people of the United States (...)" \tn 
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National sovereignty & "The Spanish Nation, in the exercise of its sovereignty, (...)" \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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Content: maps of power & Define institutions and their relationships \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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Content: bill of rights & Garuntee fundamental rights. \tn 
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% Row 6
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Constitutional supremacy & The principle that the Constitution is the superior, paramount law, meaning any legislative act repugnant to it is void. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 7
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\seqsplit{Parliamentary/Legislative} Sovereignty & The doctrine prevalent in systems like the UK, where Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever, and no person or body can override its legislation. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Block 2: Institutions and Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Separation of Powers & Public power is divided into three functions (legislating, implementing, interpreting/enforcing laws) and that these tasks should be allocated to different institutions and staffed by different people (Functional, Institutional, and Personal dimensions). \tn 
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SoP: negative rationale & To void tyranny or the concentration of power (Montesquieu). \tn 
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SoP: positive rationale & To enable mutual checks and balances (Madison via Marbury v. Madison). \tn 
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Parliamentary systems & The executive (Prime Minister/Chancellor) is selected by the legislature and remains in office only if they maintain parliamentary confidence (subject to the vote of no confidence or motion of censure). Example: Germany, Spain. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 10)
% Row 4
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Presidential systems & The President is directly elected, has an independent mandate, and is not subject to the rule of confidence (cannot be ousted by Parliament except via impeachment for grave offenses). Example: US. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Block 2: Institutions and Structure (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Semi-presidential} systems & Features a dual executive with a directly elected President and a Prime Minister accountable to Parliament (rule of confidence applies to the PM). Example: France. \tn 
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% Row 6
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The Executive branch & The Government, led by the Head of the Executive (President or Prime Minister/Chancellor). Implement and enforce laws \tn 
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The Legislative branch & Parliament, Congress, or Legislature. Make laws, budget, and supervise the government. \tn 
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The Judicial branch & The Courts (the Judiciary). Interpret and enforce laws, must be impartial and independent from government interference, which is deemed essential to protecting the Rule of Law. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
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Unitary vs. Federal States & Whether power is split between the central government and regional subunits (federal) or concentrated exclusively in the central government (unitary). \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
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Rationale for Federalism & Federalism used as a check on limited government (distributive-based) or as a way to accommodate ethnic/social diversity (identity-based). \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}