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\author{FernandaJess}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biological-bases-of-behavior.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (FernandaJess)
  /Subject (Biological Bases of Behavior Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biological Bases of Behavior Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{FernandaJess} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/204324/cs/45788/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}FernandaJess \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/fernandajess} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 9th March, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Central Nervous System}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{noshy\}\}{\emph{The Brain}} & Receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, and generates thoughts \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{noshy\}\}{\emph{Spinal Cord}} & Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Brain Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Cerebrum}} & The largest part of the brain, made up of the {\emph{cerebral cortex}} and other structures. The cerebrum is divided into {\emph{two hemispheres.}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cerebellum}} & Coordinates movement by combining information from the eyes, ears, and muscles. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Brainstem}} & Connects the {\emph{cerebrum}} and {\emph{cerebellum}} to the {\emph{spinal cord.}} The brainstem controls unconscious processes like sleep. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Brain Structure Visual}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Divisions of the Brain}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Forebrain} & Processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem-solving, and regulate autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Midbrain} & Helps to regulate movement and process auditory and visual information \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Hindbrain} & Helps regulate automatic functions, relay sensory information, and maintain balance and equilibrium \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Limbic System}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Limbic System}} & (Primitive brain), regulates emotions (basic survival instincts), influences memories/learning, and motivation (basic drives). \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Thalamus}} & Sensory relay center, receives input from all our senses except olfaction, critical in the perception of pain \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\emph{Hippocampus}} & Stores memories, consolidation of conscious memories, stores new information and events as lasting memories \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Amygdala}} & Processing fearful and threatening stimuli. Includes threat detection and activation of fear-related behaviors. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 4
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{\emph{Hypothalamus}} & Maintains the body's homeostasis, (regulates temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycle). Produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Limbic System (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
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{\emph{Corpus Callosum}} & Connects the brain's left and right hemispheres, allowing them to communicate \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Basal Ganglia}} & Motor learning, executive functions and coordination of movement, posture, inhibitory (allows us to be still) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 7
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{\emph{Olfactory Bulb}} & is a part of the brain that processes smell \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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{\emph{Cingulate gyrus}} & Involved in regulating emotions, processing pain, and regulating autonomic motor function. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 9
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{\emph{Pineal gland}} & Helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 10
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{\emph{Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)}} & Controls the body's circadian rhythms \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Cerebral Cortex}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{nobreak\}\}{\bf{Cerebral Cortex}} & Involved in many high-level functions, such as reasoning, emotion, thought, memory, language and consciousness. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Frontal Lobe:}} & the largest portion of the brain (about ⅓ of the entire brain) divided into {\bf{{\emph{prefrontal cortex,}}}} {\emph{premotor area,}} and {\emph{motor area}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Parietal Lobe:}} & Primary sensory areas that process somatosensory information, sensations of touch, pain, heat, and proprioception. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Temporal Lobe:}} & Auditory processing, memory information retrieval, and involved in emotional behavior.  Connected to limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, etc). \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Occipital Lobe:}} & Visual perception, visual interpretation, and reading \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Frontal Lobe}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Left Frontal Lobe:}} & language, speech, and cognitive tasks. Includes {\bf{{\emph{broca's area}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Right Frontal Lobe:}} & non-verbal communication (facial recognition) and environmental awareness \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)}} & Integration center for all sensory information and executive functions (decision making, planning, working memory, personality expression, social behavior, speech and language). {\emph{Personality center}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Broca's area}} & Controls the muscles that produce speech and language comprehension \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parietal Lobe}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Left Parietal Lobe:}} & Directing attention, visual \& spatial skills \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Right Parietal Lobe:}} & Motor routines and linguistic skills (reading, writing) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Temporal Lobe}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Left Temporal Lobe:}} & Verbal memory and language comprehension. Includes {\bf{{\emph{wernicke's area.}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Right Temporal Lobe:}} & Visual memory \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Wernicke's Area}} & Language comprehension = receives auditory signals from the ear and processes them to understand the meaning of spoken words \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{?}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{How does the SCN interact with the Pineal Gland?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The SCN sends messages to the pineal gland, which triggers the release of melatonin at night and triggers the release of cortisol and other hormones to help you wake up in the morning.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Somatic Nervous System: & Sends and receives sensory messages that control voluntary motor movement of the skeletal muscles \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Automatic Nervous System: & Controls automatic or involuntary bodily functions of the smooth muscles and glands \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Automatic Nervous System (ANS)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Primary Function: & Maintain homeostasis (e.g., digestion, heart rate, \& breathing) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)}} & The Body's mobilizing system. Prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity (e.g., fight or flight) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{noshy\}\}{\emph{Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)}} & Dominates during rest state, directs maintenance activities (e.g., rest and rumination) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sympathetic \& Parasympathetic Effects}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Myelination of the Vagus Nerve}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Vagus Nerve}} & A major nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system that helps regulate heart rate, digestion, and emotional responses. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{noshy\}\}	{\emph{Myelination}} & The process of covering nerve fibers with myelin, which improves the speed and efficiency of nerve signaling. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Social Connection \& Nervous System Development:}}  \newline {\emph{Safe Connection with Another Mammalian Nervous System:}} \newline This suggests that {\bf{social interactions,}} particularly safe and supportive relationships, help stimulate and develop the vagus nerve.}  \tn 
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% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neuro Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
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% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9154 cm} x{1.60195 cm} x{2.05965 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain Locus of Neurological Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Type}} & \{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Disorders/ Description}} & \{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Locus of the Brain}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Movement} \seqsplit{disorders} & \seqsplit{tics/OCD/tourettes} & Basal Ganglia \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Speech \seqsplit{deficits} &  & left frontal broca's; left temporal Wernicke's \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Sleep \seqsplit{disorders} &  & hypothalamus; pineal gland; SCN \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Memory} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Wernicke's} aphasia & problems understanding speech & left temporal lobe \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Broca's aphasia & inability to express language & left frontal lobe \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain Areas for Neurological Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Delirium} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Alzheimer's Disease (AD)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Parkinson's Disease} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Huntington's Disease (Chorea)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Pseudodementia} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Major Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder \newline Major Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection \newline Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wernicke's Encephalopathy (WE)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Most often arises in people with {\bf{AUD}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Symptoms: & Paralysis of the eye muscles, ataxia, confusion \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Caused by thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Other causes: & severe malnutrition, prolonged vomiting, extended IV nutrition, cancer, immunodeficiency, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, and severe anorexia. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Risk: & If left untreated, {\bf{WE}} can lead to {\bf{Korsakoff syndrome (KS)}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.89586 cm} x{4.08114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The disorder is associated with patients fabricating stories in the setting of clear consciousness. Confabulations can be spontaneous or provoked} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cause: & Severe brain disorder caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Symptoms:} & Memory disturbances in which there are significant deficits in {\bf{anterograde}} and {\bf{retrograde memory}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Immediate memory is maintained, but short-term memory is diminished with intact sensorium.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parkinson's}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Features: & Movement disorder with tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression, neurocognitive disorder). \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Brain Locus: & Caused by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the {\bf{Substantia Nigra}} (part of the {\bf{Basal Ganglia}}, which regulates voluntary movement). \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Treatment \& Psychopharmacology}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Levodopa (L-Dopa) - & Dopamine precursor to improve movement \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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Carbidopa - & Reduces Levodopa side effects (e.g., nausea, hypotension) and enhances its effectiveness. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Dopamine Agonists - & Stimulate dopamine receptors \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Enzyme Inhibitors - & {\bf{MAO-B}} and {\bf{COMT inhibitors}} slow dopamine breakdown. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Amantadine - & Helps reduce involuntary movements \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Anticholinergics - & Reduce tremors and muscle rigidity \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parkinson's (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) - & Surgical treatment for severe cases \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alzheimer's Disease (AD)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Definition: & The most common major neurocognitive disorder (NCD), accounting for up to 80\% of cases. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Prevalence: & Affects 1 in 8 people over 65, more common in women due to longer life expectancy. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Neuropathology:} & {\bf{Acetylcholine deficiency}}, affecting learning and memory; {\bf{Amyloid plaques \& neurofibrillary tangles}}; Damage to the {\bf{hippocampus and amygdala}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Disease Progression: & Begins {\bf{up to 20 years}} before symptoms appear. 1: pre-clinical (no symptoms), 2: MCI, 3: dementia due to AD \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Symptoms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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{\bf{Early:}} & Memory loss, apathy, depression \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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{\bf{Progressive:}} & Disorientation, confusion, impaired judgment, behavioral changes, motor and gait issues \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 7
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{\bf{Late:}} & Loss of communication, failure to recognize loved ones, bedridden \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Dementia}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Alzheimer's disease: & The most common type, characterized by the accumulation of {\bf{amyloid plaques}} and {\bf{tau tangles}} in the brain \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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Vascular dementia: & Caused by {\bf{damage to blood vessels}} in the brain, which reduces blood flow and oxygen to the brain \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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Lewy body dementia: & Characterized by the presence of abnormal protein deposits called {\bf{Lewy bodies}} in the brain. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Frontotemporal dementia: & Affects the {\bf{frontal}} and {\bf{temporal lobes}} of the brain, leading to changes in {\emph{behavior, {\bf{personality}}, and language}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 4
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Mixed dementia: & A combination of two or more types of dementia \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dementia VS. Pseudo-dementia}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Pseudodementia}} & Cognitive impairment in older adults due to {\bf{depression}}, mimicking a neurocognitive disorder (NCD). \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Key Differences}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Dementia (NCDs)}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Pseudodementia}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\{\{ac\}\}Progressive cognitive decline & \{\{ac\}\}Slower processing speed, difficulty with concentration and attention, psychomotor retardation \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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\{\{ac\}\}Patients often {\bf{deny}} memory issues & \{\{ac\}\}Patients {\bf{acknowledge}} memory loss \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\{\{ac\}\}Irreversible deterioration & \{\{ac\}\}Cognitive function {\bf{improves}} once depression is treated \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleep Patterns Over the Lifespan}}  \tn
% Row 0
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REM sleep decreases with age: & {\bf{Newborns:}} 50\%; {\bf{5-year-olds:}} 20–25\%; {\bf{Older adults:}} 18\% \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Functions of REM Sleep: & {\emph{Psychological restoration;}} {\bf{Memory consolidation}} \& {\emph{emotional processing;}} {\emph{Brain development; Dreaming}} (often bizarre and illogical) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Movement Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Originates in the: & {\bf{Basal Ganglia}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Definition: & Abnormal repetitive movements \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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{\emph{Basal Ganglia:}} & also the reservoir of our over-learned motor patterns, like riding a bike, automatic daily habits, backing out of the driveway, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Hyperkinetic} & Excess or involuntary movements {\emph{(e.g., huntington's disease/chorea, tremors, tics/ tourette's syndrome)}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hypokinetic & Slow or reduced movements {\emph{(e.g., parkinson's disease, dementia with lewy bodies)}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Huntington's Chorea}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cause: & Genetic disorder causing degeneration of {\bf{basal ganglia neurons}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Symptoms:} & Choreiform (jerky, {\bf{involuntary movements)}}; {\bf{Speech}} outbursts; Progressive {\bf{cognitive decline}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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Onset: & Typically {\bf{40–50 years;}} often passed down before symptoms appear \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\seqsplit{Treatment:} & No cure available \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parkinson's Disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cause: & Damage to the {\bf{Substantia Nigra, caudate nucleus, and putamen}}, dopamine-rich brain areas essential for movement and mood regulation \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Symptoms: & {\bf{Movement difficulties}} (tremors, rigidity, slowed initiation); {\bf{Depression, psychosis}} in severe cases \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Possible Cause: & Bacterial infections (e.g., from foodborne pathogens) may travel via the {\bf{Vagus nerve}}, leading to inflammation and degeneration \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Prevalence: & Increasing significantly (e.g., Michael J. Fox as a well-known case) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Treatment}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{L-Dopa (dopamine precursor)}} & helps temporarily replenish {\bf{dopamine}} and {\bf{slow symptom progression}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Music Therapy}} & may aid {\bf{movement}} and {\bf{mood regulation}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tourette's Syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Brain Area: & basal ganglia, frontal lobes and cortex \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Comorbidities:} & OCD; ADHD; Anxiety \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Five A's of Neurologic Symptoms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Ataxia}} & Impaired coordination, balance, and speech \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}Common Cause: & Damage to the {\bf{cerebellum}} or motor areas \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Apraxia}} & Inability to perform skilled movements or gestures (e.g., difficulty winking) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}Common Cause: & {\bf{Parietal lobe damage}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Aphasia}} & Impaired speech or language comprehension \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\{\{ar\}\}Types \& Causes: & Receptive aphasia; Expressive aphasia; Conduction aphasia \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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\{\{ar\}\}{\bf{{\emph{Receptive Aphasia}}}} & Damage to {\bf{Wernicke's area (left temporal lobe)}}; speech is not understood \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 7
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\{\{ar\}\}{\bf{{\emph{Expressive Aphasia}}}} & Damage to {\bf{Broca's area (posterior frontal lobe)}}; difficulty producing speech \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 8
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\{\{ar\}\}{\bf{{\emph{Conduction Aphasia}}}} & Damage to neural pathways connecting these areas, affecting verbal repetition \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 9
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{\bf{Anomia}} & Difficulty naming objects, people, or terms \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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\{\{ar\}\}Common Cause: & Likely damage to the {\bf{hippocampus, thalamus}}, or {\emph{other memory retrieval areas}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Five A's of Neurologic Symptoms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
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{\bf{Agnosia}} & Inability to recognize objects, people, or sensory stimuli \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
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\{\{ar\}\}Common Cause: & Brain damage from {\bf{strokes, injuries, dementia}}, or {\emph{neurological disorders}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 13
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\{\{ar\}\}Subtype of Agnosia: & Prosopagnosia ("Face Blindness") \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 14
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\{\{ar\}\}{\bf{Prosopagnosia}} & Difficulty recognizing faces \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain injuries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Traumatic Brain Injuries \& Concussions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{External Trauma:}} & Direct blow to the head, often blood vessels are torn so blood flow is blocked, tissue dies \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Internal Trauma:}} & stroke (either clot or brain bleed) ,aneurysm,  or brain tumor (internal trauma) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Aftereffects of {\bf{Head Trauma:}} & Can cause memory impairments (post-traumatic amnesia, persistent memory deficits), executive functioning disturbances, and personality changes \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Phineas Gage Case (1848):}} & The most well-known case of frontal lobe dysfunction. His injury led to drastic personality changes, later associated with {\bf{"frontotemporal dementia."}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Aftereffects of {\bf{Concussions:}} & May result in a short-term loss of consciousness, anterograde amnesia (difficulty forming new memories), and retrograde amnesia (loss of past memories) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Traumatic Brain Injuries \& Concussions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Common symptoms:}} & Dizziness, headache, fatigue; Difficulty concentrating, memory deficits; Irritability, anxiety, insomnia; Heightened sensitivity to noise and light; Hypochondriacal concerns \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Location of Brain Trauma \& it's Impact}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Aphasia:}} & Loss of Speech or Language Comprehension \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Receptive Aphasia {\emph{(Wernicke's Aphasia)}}: & Damage to the {\bf{left temporal lobe}} {\emph{(Wernicke's area)}} impairs {\emph{language comprehension}}. The person may {\emph{speak in gibberish}} but remain unaware of their incoherence. Temporal lobe damage can also affect {\emph{semantic and long-term memory}}. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Expressive Aphasia {\emph{(Broca's Aphasia)}}: & Damage to the posterior {\bf{frontal lobe}} {\emph{(Broca's area)}} affects {\emph{speech production.}} The person understands language and knows what they want to say but {\emph{struggles to verbalize it,}} causing frustration. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Conduction Aphasia: & Damage to the neural pathways connecting {\bf{Wernicke's \& Broca's areas}} disrupts communication between {\emph{comprehension and speech production}}. The person {\emph{cannot effectively repeat verbal phrases.}} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Location of Brain Trauma \& it's Impact (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
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Global Aphasia: & Widespread damage affecting both {\emph{comprehension and speech production}}, severely impairing {\emph{communication.}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Neuro-Imaging Options}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{PET Scan:}} & Quick, cost-effective images of basic structures, very useful as first-line assessment in emergencies to identify brain issues that need emergent care (brain bleeds, etc). {\bf{Uses radio}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{MRI:}} & More expensive, detailed images possible with enhanced soft-tissue resolution to pick up more subtle structural issues. {\bf{Uses magnetic resonance}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{CT Scan:}} & Detailed metabolic picture of brain function. Can give info about low (Alzheimer's, stroke/blood vessel damaging affecting function) or high (brain tumor or other inflammatory or cancer-related process). {\bf{Uses radioactive dye}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Memory/Types of Amnesia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Retrograde Amnesia:}} & Occurs after head trauma, such as a blow to the head. The person {\bf{cannot recall events leading up to the injury, sometimes spanning weeks or months before the event.}} However, the ability to form new memories remains intact. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Anterograde Amnesia}} & Seen in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, where {\bf{working memory fails, preventing the formation of new memories.}} The person {\bf{struggles to learn new information,}} making daily functioning difficult. Remote (long-term) memory, particularly music memory, is often preserved. Linked to damage in memory-related brain structures, such as the {\bf{hippocampus.}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 14)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Psychogenic Amnesia}} & Caused by {\bf{psychological factors}} rather than physical brain damage. Follows different patterns from neurological disorders. {\emph{Short-term memory and the ability to form new memories remain intact. Long-term autobiographical memory is affected,}} leading to loss of personal details (e.g., name, birthdate).  Unlike {\emph{neurological amnesia,}} where long-term memory tends to be retained. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 15)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Psychogenic Amnesia /(Psych) = Only one that long-term is affected}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differentiate Types of Seizures}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Types of Seizures: & Generalized \& Focal Seizures \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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Generalized Seizures {\bf{(Gran \& Petit Mal)}}: & Affect {\bf{both hemispheres}} of the brain from the start and often cause loss of consciousness. {\emph{(grand mal \& petit mal)}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Gran Mal:}} & Sudden loss of consciousness and stiffening (tonic activity), followed by clonic activity (rhythmic jerking). {\bf{Most well-known type.}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Petit Mal:}} & Brief episodes of staring, often mistaken for daydreaming. Occur most frequently in children. Last 0-30 sec \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Focal Seizures {\bf{(Partial Seizures):}} & Originate in a specific area of {\bf{one hemisphere}} of the brain. They may or may not cause loss of awareness.{\emph{ (simple partial \& complex partial)}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Simple Partial:}} & Person {\bf{remains conscious}} and aware. Characterized by {\bf{abnormal movements}} that begin in one group of muscles and {\bf{progress to adjacent groups of muscles}} in a {\bf{slow}} wave of seizure activity per location in the back of the {\bf{frontal lobe}} motor area. \tn 
% Row Count 43 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differentiate Types of Seizures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Complex Partial:}} & Person has {\bf{impaired consciousness}} or awareness. May involve {\bf{staring, repetitive movements (lip-smacking, hand rubbing)}}, or {\bf{confusion.}} The person may not remember the seizure after it ends. Often a manifestation of {\bf{temporal lobe epilepsy}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Next Two Are Focal Seizures}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Jacksonian Seizure:}} & A type of focal seizure that originates in the {\bf{primary motor cortex}} of the brain (part of the {\bf{frontal lobe}}) and progresses in a characteristic pattern. Begins with localized {\bf{muscle twitching}} (jerking movements) in a small part of the body, such as a finger, toe, or corner of the mouth. {\bf{Spreads gradually}} to larger areas of the body {\emph{(e.g., from hand → arm → face)}}. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 20)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differentiate Types of Seizures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)}} & A type of focal seizure. Originate in the {\bf{temporal lobes}} of the brain. Common Symptoms Before: {\bf{Déjà vu.}} Can turn into {\emph{tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure.}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurotransmitters}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurotransmitter Functions \& Effects}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Neurotransmitter}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Behaviors or Diseases Related}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Acetylcholine (ACh)}} & Learning and memory; {\bf{Alzheimer's Disease's}} muscle movement in the peripheral nervous system. + ACh = spasms. - ACh = paralysis \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Dopamine (DA)}} & Reward circuits; Motor circuits involved in {\bf{Parkinson's disease; Schizophrenia}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Norepinephrine (NE)}} & Arousal; Depression \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Serotonin (5HT)}} & {\bf{Depression,}} Aggression; {\bf{Schizophrenia}}  behavior. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{GABA}} & {\bf{Anxiety}} disorders, {\bf{Epilepsy}}; Major {\bf{inhibitory neurotransmitter}} in the brain \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Glutamate}} & Learning; Major {\bf{excitatory neurotransmitter}} in the brain \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Endogenous Opioids}} & Pain; Analgesia (inability to feel pain); Reward \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} KEY TERMS: \newline Mania: arousal, aggression \newline ADHD: learning, memory  \newline Addiction: reward}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Specific Disorders \& Neurotransmitters}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Alzheimer's disease & {\emph{Acetylcholine,}} due to it's role in the development of memory of the hippocampus \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
(Repetitive) Movement disorders & {\emph{dopamine,}} due to it's role in movement \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Depression & Low {\emph{serotonin}} and low {\emph{norepinephrine}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Mania & Low {\emph{serotonin}} and high {\emph{norepinephrine}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Anxiety & Too little GABA. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Schizophrenia & Excess {\emph{dopamine;}} {\emph{GABA \& Glutamate}} imbalance \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Autism & Too much {\emph{serotonin;}} {\emph{GABA \& Glutamate}} imbalance \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Substance use disorder} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(Repetitive) Movement disorders: Parkinsons, tics, OCD}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glutamate and GABA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Maintain a homeostatic balance}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glutamate \& GABA have a seesaw relationship} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When {\emph{glutamate}} is {\bf{high}}, {\emph{GABA}} is {\bf{low}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Children with {\bf{autism}} and related disorders tend to lean towards {\bf{excess glutamate}} and {\bf{low GABA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Balance must be maintained}} for their bodies and nervous system to function properly} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Excessive Levels of Glutamate:}} Can lead to excitotoxicity (overstimulation of neurons), contributing to neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, epilepsy, anxiety, stroke).} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Deficiency in GABA:}} Can lead to excessive excitability, associated with anxiety, seizures, and insomnia.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Excessive Levels of GABA:}} Sedation, cognitive slowing, motor impairments.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Disorders Related to this Imbalance:}} {\bf{{\emph{Epilepsy}}}} (excess excitation, insufficient inhibition). {\bf{{\emph{Schizophrenia}}}} (dysfunction in both systems). {\bf{{\emph{Anxiety disorders}}}} (GABA deficiency).} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glutamate and GABA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Maintain a homeostatic balance}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glutamate \& GABA have a seesaw relationship} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When {\emph{glutamate}} is {\bf{high}}, {\emph{GABA}} is {\bf{low}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Children with {\bf{autism}} and related disorders tend to lean towards {\bf{excess glutamate}} and {\bf{low GABA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Balance must be maintained}} for their bodies and nervous system to function properly} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Excessive Levels of Glutamate:}} Can lead to excitotoxicity (overstimulation of neurons), contributing to neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, epilepsy, anxiety, stroke).} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Deficiency in GABA:}} Can lead to excessive excitability, associated with anxiety, seizures, and insomnia.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Excessive Levels of GABA:}} Sedation, cognitive slowing, motor impairments.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Disorders Related to this Imbalance:}} {\bf{{\emph{Epilepsy}}}} (excess excitation, insufficient inhibition). {\bf{{\emph{Schizophrenia}}}} (dysfunction in both systems). {\bf{{\emph{Anxiety disorders}}}} (GABA deficiency).} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Depression}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Impact on the Brain: & Can lead to {\bf{brain shrinkage}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Neurotransmitter Imbalances: & {\emph{Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.}} All of which are interconnected \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Glutamate: & Profoundly out of balance \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Treatment:}} {\emph{Mild to Moderate Depression}} & Regular exercise can be as effective as antidepressants; Psychotherapy (CBT) to help address negative thought patterns \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Treatment:}} {\emph{Moderate to Severe Depression}} & Antidepressant medications may be necessary, though it can take time to find the right one. Side effects (e.g., sexual dysfunction, weight gain, emotional blunting) can be a challenge \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 10)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Treatment:}} {\emph{Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT):}} & Used for severe or treatment-resistant depression, particularly when rapid symptom relief is needed (e.g., in cases of suicidality or catatonia). \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Depression (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{Emerging \& Alternative Options}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Ketamine}} therapy:}} & Research suggests it may rapidly reduce depressive symptoms, particularly in treatment-resistant cases \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation}} (TMS):}} & A non-invasive treatment using magnetic pulses, effective for depression, OCD, and other conditions. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ADHD}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bipolar Disorder: Tx \& Considerations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Mood Stabilizers:}} & Used to manage {\bf{mood swings}} in bipolar disorder, preventing both {\bf{manic}} and {\bf{depressive}} episodes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Common Meds: & {\bf{Lithium; anticonvulsants}} (e.g., valproate \& lamotrigine); {\bf{atypical antipsychotics}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)}} & Typically used for {\bf{severe cases}} of bipolar disorder or treatment-resistant depression; Involves brief {\bf{electrical stimulation}} of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia. {\bf{Effective}} for acute mood episodes but usually considered after medication and therapy have failed. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychotic Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Medications that {\bf{block dopamine}} can help reduce psychotic symptoms, particularly hallucinations and disorganized thinking, known as {\bf{"positive" symptoms}} of {\emph{psychotic disorders}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{However, {\bf{"negative" symptoms}} {\emph{(e.g., apathy, low motivation, and reduced activity)}} may be less responsive to treatment} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Due to side effects, {\bf{medication adherence}} is often a challenge for individuals with {\emph{psychotic disorders}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Panic Disorder}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECT Treatment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ECT involves a brief {\bf{electrical stimulation}} of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Used in patients with {\bf{severe major depression}} or {\bf{bipolar disorder}} that has {\emph{not responded to other treatments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Side effects:}} & {\bf{Memory loss}} (retrograde amnesia) is a significant concern; Patients may experience {\bf{gaps in memory}} from weeks to months before treatment; If ECT is repeated over time, {\bf{cumulative memory loss}} can become disruptive \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{retrograde amnesia - an individual is unable to recall events that occurred before the onset of brain injury/ trauma, but ability to form new memories is intact.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychopharmacology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antidepressants Classes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Drug Class}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Function}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} SSRIs & Blocks reuptake of serotonin from space between neurons \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\} SNRI & Block serotonin \& norepinephrine reuptake \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} NDRI & Block reuptake of norepinephrine \& dopamine \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\} TCAs & Tricyclic antidepressants affects serotonin \& norepinephrine \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} MAOIs & Block recycling of serotonin, norepinephrine, \& dopamine \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\} Others & Affect serotonin/ norepinephrine in other ways \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SSRI Danger Warnings}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Increased Youth Suicide Risk} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Serotonin Syndrom} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Risk with Anticholinergic Agents}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Seniors:}} & Anticholinergic agents interact with many common medications taken by older people \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Risk of dementia:}} & Increased risk of dementia in people who used them for longer than a few months \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antipsychotics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Movement/Memory Medications}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleep/Mood Medications}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neuroleptic Medications Side Effects}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tardive Dyskinesia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14425 cm} x{1.8308 cm} x{1.60195 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Serotonin Syndrome}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mild}} & {\bf{Moderate}} & {\bf{Life Threatening}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Mydriasis (dilated pupils) & Altered Mental Status (e.g., agitation, disorientation, excitement) & Delirium \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Shivering/Sweating} & Autonomic Hyperactivity (e.g., rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia) & Hypertension/ Hyperthermia \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Tachycardia} (mild) & Neuromuscular Abnormalities (e.g., tremor, clonus, hyperreflexia) & Muscle rigidity/ Tachycardia \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Management Stages:} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Observe for at least 6 hrs & Admit to hospital; Cardiac monitoring & Intensive Care Unit; cooling meaures \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Benzodiazepines}} & {\bf{Cyproheptadine}} & Sedation; SkM paralysis; ventilation \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}