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\author{FernandaJess}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (acp-comps-exam-study-guide.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (FernandaJess)
  /Subject (ACP COMPS EXAM STUDY GUIDE Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{ACP COMPS EXAM STUDY GUIDE Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{FernandaJess} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/204324/cs/45843/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}FernandaJess \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/fernandajess} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 24th March, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIOCULTURAL: CULTURE/DIVERSITY}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Sue \& Sue racial identity stages: features of a person in each stage \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- JW Berry model of acculturation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- Culturally encapsulated vs culturally humble therapist stance \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- Basic terms: implicit bias, privilege, stereotype, microaggression \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- Culturally specific communication differences: high/low context, high/low structure, formal/informal \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
- Importance of acculturation assessment \& culturally tailored treatment for appropriate groups  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- Cultural mediation of child development: Vygotsky model of culture mediating language/cognitive development \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
- Differential risk of health conditions, including suicide in various ethnicities% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sue \& Sue Racial Identity Stages}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Conformity:}} & Accepting and preferring the dominant culture's values, potentially devaluing one's own racial identity (leave the old to conform to the new) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Dissonance \& Appreciating:}} & Beginning to question dominant culture beliefs, recognizing racism, and developing a greater understanding of one's own culture (questioning the new, and appreciating the old) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Resistance \& Immersion:}} & Embracing one's own racial heritage, rejecting dominant culture values, and potentially feeling anger towards the dominant group (resistance to the new and emersion to the old) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Internalization:}} & Also called Integrative Awareness. Integrating a positive sense of racial identity while recognizing and appreciating other \seqsplit{cultures (internalize} \& value both) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Also known as the {\bf{Minority Identity Development Model }}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{JW Berry Model of Acculturation}}  \tn
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{\emph{Assimilation:}} & When individuals do not maintain their cultural identity and seek regular interaction with other cultures (e.g., changes in language preference; adoption of dominant attitudes and values) \tn 
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{\emph{Separation:}} & When individuals place value on their original culture and wish to avoid interaction with people from other cultures (e.g., not dating outside the race) \tn 
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{\emph{Integration}} & When people maintain their original cultural identity while also interacting with people from other cultures (e.g., speak english at work/ school and Spanish at home) \tn 
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{\emph{Marginalization:}} & When people do not maintain their cultural identity and do not seek interaction with people from other cultures \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Those who remain the {\bf{marginalization}} stage tend to not do as well \newline (Social perspective)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Culturally Encapsulated vs Culturally Humble}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{therapist stance}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic terms:}}  \tn
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Implicit bias: & Subtle, often unconscious, prejudices influence individuals' judgements towards members of different social groups  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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Privilege: & An unearned advantage granted based on group membership \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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Stereotype & A stereotype is an oversimplified and often inaccurate belief or assumption about a group of people. Stereotypes can be harmful and lead to discrimination and prejudice \tn 
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\seqsplit{Microaggression:} & Everyday subtle interactions or behaviors that communicate bias toward historically marginalized groups. (e.g., a faculty member of color being mistaken for a service person or being forced to choose male or female when completing basic forms) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Culturally Specific Communication Differences}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{high/low context} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{high/low structure,} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{formal/informal} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultural Assessment}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Importance of acculturation assessment \& culturally tailored treatment for appropriate groups}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultural mediation of child development}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Believed cognitive development is influenced by cultural and social factors.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{He emphasized the role of social interaction in the development of mental abilities (e.g., speech and reasoning in children).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Srongly believed that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning."} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Risk in Ethnicities}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Differential risk of health conditions, including suicide in various ethnicities}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognitive/Affective Basis of Behavior}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Learning: Classical/Respondent Conditioning}}  \tn
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{\emph{Conditioned Response (CR):}} & A learned response \tn 
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{\emph{Unconditioned Response (UR):}} & A unlearned response (e.g., {\bf{reacting}} to loud noises, pain, cold, smells, food) \tn 
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{\emph{Conditioned Stimulus (CS):}} & A neural stimulus paired with the {\bf{US}} that leads to a {\bf{CR}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
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{\emph{Unconditioned Stimulus (US):}} & A stimulus that automatically triggers a response {\bf{(UR)}} without prior learning (e.g., loud noises, pain, cold, smells, food) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
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{\emph{Neutral Stimulus}}(NS): & A stimulus before conditioning. Will become a {\bf{CS}} after conditioning \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Example: An {\bf{US}} naturally triggers an {\bf{UR,}} while a {\bf{CS}}, after being paired with the {\bf{US,}} elicits a {\bf{CR}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{The smell of food (US) naturally makes you hungry (UR), but after pairing a bell with the food, the bell alone (CS) can make you hungry (CR).}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Example}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/fernandajess_1741816845_Screenshot 2025-03-12 at 3.00.20 PM.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Habituation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The {\bf{unconditioned stimulus (US)}} no longer elicits the {\bf{unconditioned response (UR)}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{e.g., a person who moves to a home near a train track eventually becomes accustomed to the noise of passing trains {\emph{(unconditioned stimulus).}} After a few weeks, they no longer startle or wake up {\emph{(unconditioned response)}} when the trains pass by.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Habituation}} always involves the {\emph{unconditioned stimulus,}} not the {\emph{conditioned stimulus}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Counterconditioning \& Exposure to Fear}}  \tn
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Counter- conditioning: & Weakening the maladaptive conditioned response (e.g., fear) by strengthening an incapable or antagonistic response (e.g., relaxation) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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\{\{ar\}\} {\emph{Example Afraid of Dogs:}} & {\bf{Old response:}} "Fear when they see a dog." {\bf{Intervention:}} Person it taught to pet a calm dog while simultaneously practicing relaxation techniques. {\bf{New Response:}} Over time, they associate dogs' relaxation and calm rather than fear \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 12)
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{\bf{{\emph{reciprocal inhibition:}}}} & Based off this principle that two incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time, but rather, the stronger response will inhibit the weaker (e.g., fear will inhibit pleasure) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 9)
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\{\{noshy\}\} Interventions: & Systematic desensitization; Sensate focus; Assertiveness training; and Aversive counterconditioning \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Systematic Desensitization \& Exposure to Fear}}  \tn
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\{\{noshy\}\} Systematic Desensitization: & gradual hierarchy of graded exposure from easy to hard over time. Usually paired with relaxation/safety (hence a form of \seqsplit{counterconditioning)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
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Used for: & Simple phobias \tn 
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Research: & The research emphasized that prolonged and intense exposure treatments are more efficacious for specific phobias. \tn 
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{\bf{Scenario:}} & Imagine you're scared of something, like a big dog. Instead of just jumping right into it, you take tiny steps to get used to it without feeling scared. \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\} {\emph{First:}} & You learn how to calm down and feel relaxed, like taking deep breaths \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
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\{\{ar\}\} {\emph{Then:}} & You start with something small, like looking at a picture of a dog \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Systematic Desensitization \& Exposure to Fear (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{ar\}\} {\emph{Next:}} & You might watch a video of a dog \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\} {\emph{After that:}} & You might stand near a dog, but not touch it yet \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\} {\emph{Finally:}} & You get brave enough to pet a dog, but only when you're feeling calm and relaxed \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classical Extinction \& Exposure to Fear}}  \tn
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Classical Extinction: & A behavioral process that occurs when a conditioned response to a stimulus gradually weakens or disappears \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\} {\emph{Example:}} & If a dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, but the bell is rung repeatedly without food, the salivation response will eventually diminish \tn 
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\{\{noshy\}\}{\bf{{\emph{habituation:}}}} & A learning process where an organism gradually reduces their response to a repeated stimulus or situation that is not harmful or dangerous \tn 
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\{\{noshy\}\} Interventions: & In Vivo Exposure or Exposure with Response Prevention (ERP); Exposure in imagination \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exposure with Response Prevention (ERP)}}  \tn
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ERP (in-vivo exposure): & Exposure to various feared stimuli, {\bf{gradual or intense}}, with active prevention of client's usual anxiety mitigating behavior \tn 
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Used for: & OCD (excessive hand washing), specific phobias, and PTSD \tn 
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{\emph{Gradual Exposure:}} & Start with less distressing situations and gradually progress to more challenging ones. \tn 
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\{\{ar\}\}Example: & A person with OCD who fears contamination might be exposed to something they believe is dirty (like 	touching a doorknob), but instead of immediately washing their hands (the compulsion), they are encouraged to 	wait and experience the anxiety without performing the ritual. \tn 
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{\emph{Response Prevention:}} & Prevent individuals from engaging in their usual compulsive behaviors or rituals while they are exposed to the feared situation. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exposure with Response Prevention (ERP) (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{ar\}\}Example: & Client with dirt/germ phobia must dip hands in mud and sit with dirty hands with therapist until nervous system calms down. Therapist usually actively reframes extreme thinking and overlooking of positive or 	mastery aspects to balance experience. \tn 
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{\emph{Habituation:}} & Allow anxiety to decrease over time through repeated exposure and response prevention. \tn 
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{\bf{Flooding:}} & {\bf{Intense}} exposure to the worst aspect of fear. Goal is to take a {\emph{habituation effect}}. \tn 
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Used for: & Specific phobias. {\emph{Strong evidence for post-rape for clients who choose this}}. \tn 
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{\emph{CBT:}} & Anxious thoughts are often extreme, black-and-white, and catastrophic. Therapists help reframe them, assess pros/cons, reality-test, or use experiments to challenge fears. This is especially useful for GAD, where varied triggers make desensitization impractical. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How \& When to Apply Counter-Conditioning}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Reciprocal Conditioning/ Reciprocal Inhibition- Based: & pairs a competing positive experience {\emph{(safety, mastery, pleasure)}} with anxiety to offset anxiety's negative impact {\emph{(sensate focus, assertiveness training, systematic desensitization)}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Aversive Conditioning (Classical Extinction): & pairs an unpleasant experience {\emph{(mild-strong electric shock, gross imagery, nausea)}} with a high reward, undesirable behavior, which is hard to stop \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Examples of Aversive Conditioning}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}alcohol misuse/ Antabuse -\textgreater{} nausea} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}binge eating/ disgusting imagery of maggots on it -\textgreater{} icky food, loss of appetite} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}erection with images of children/ electric shock-\textgreater{} sexual focus on child less appealing \& exciting} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extinction Paradigm for Classical Conditioning}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{{\emph{Extinction paradigm:}}}} & Refers to the process of reducing or eliminating a learned behavior by {\bf{withholding the reinforcing consequences}} that previously maintained it \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Example- Think of Pavlov's dog: & If the {\emph{bell}} {\bf{(CS)}} is rung repeatedly, but {\emph{without food}} {\bf{(US)}} following, the dogs will eventually {\emph{stop salivating}} {\bf{(CR)}} to the bell \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Schedules of Reinforcement}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Fixed-Ratio (FR):}} & Reinforcement delivered after varying amounts of time \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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Examples: & A factory worker gets paid for every 10 items they manufacture; A child gets a sticker for every 5 pages read \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Variable-Ratio (VR):}} & Reinforcement delivered after an unpredictable number of responses \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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Examples: & {\emph{Slot machines:}} wins occur unpredictably after a varying number of spins; {\emph{Fishing:}} catching a fish is unpredictable and depends on the number of attempts \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Fixed-Interval (FI):}} & Reinforcement delivered after an unpredictable number of responses \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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Examples: & A student is rewarded for completing a task after a set amount of time (every 20 mins); Receiving a paycheck every two weeks \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 6
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{\bf{Variable-Interval (VI):}} & Reinforcement delivered after varying amounts of time \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Schedules of Reinforcement (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
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Examples: & Random social media notifications; Checking for email, as the times that new emails come are unpredictable \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Rates of responding}} (highest to lowest) -\textgreater{} variable ratio (VR), fixed ratio (FR), variable interval (VI), then fixed interval (FI)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 9
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{\emph{Ratio Schedules:}} & Based on the {\bf{number of times}} a behavior occurs. The more the behavior happens, the more reinforcement is possible. {\bf{{\emph{Higher rates in responding}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 10
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{\emph{Interval Schedules:}} & Based on {\bf{time passing,}} reinforcement only becomes available after a set period, and the behavior only needs to happen once after that time \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 11
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{\emph{Variable Reinforcement:}} & {\bf{{\emph{Higher rates in responding}}}} because the reinforcement is unpredictable \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 12
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{\emph{Fixed Reinforcement:}} & Lower rate in responding because it's more predictable \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Patterns of responding}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 14
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{\emph{Fixed Schedules}} & Result in pauses after reinforcement. result in more steady response rates. When graphed, this pattern is smooth. Fixed interval (FI) schedule results in the longest pauses after reinforcement \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Schedules of Reinforcement (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
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{\emph{Variable Schedules}} & Result in more steady response rates. When graphed, this pattern is smooth. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Reinforcement:}} {\emph{Fixed}} = Predictable; {\emph{Variable}}= Unpredictable   \newline {\bf{Schedules:}} {\emph{Ratio}} = number of times; {\emph{Interval}} = passage of time}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TIP: Schedules of Reinforcement}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{To help remember the order of the schedules, keep in mind first that linking reinforcement to the actual behavior (i.e., ratio) is stronger than linking it to the passage of time (i.e., interval). Next, remember unpredictability (variable) keeps the subject guessing and trying harder than predictability (fixed).% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Primary Reinforcer: & Stimuli that are inherently reinforcing, meaning they satisfy a basic biological need without any prior learning or association {\emph{(e.g., food, water, sleep, shelter, safety, pleasure, sleep \& sex)}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
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Secondary Reinforcers (also called Conditioned Reinforcers): & Stimuli that become reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers {\emph{(e.g., money, grades, tokens, praise)}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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What is the difference? & A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, treats, or money. Responding to the secondary reinforcer is a learned behavior, not a born reflex \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Positive/Negative Reinforcement/Punishment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{noshy\}\}Positive Reinforcement: & Involves {\bf{adding}} something positive or desirable to increase the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring again \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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{\emph{Example}} & Giving a dog a treat after they sit on command is positive reinforcement \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\{\{noshy\}\}Negative Reinforcement: & Involves {\bf{removing}} something aversive or undesirable to increase the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring again \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
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{\emph{Example}} & Taking away chores for a child if they clean their room is negative reinforcement \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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\{\{noshy\}\}Positive Punishment: & Involves {\bf{introducing}} an unpleasant stimulus or consequence after an unwanted behavior occurs \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 5
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{\emph{Example}} & A parent gives a child extra chores as punishment for poor grades \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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Negative Punishment: & Involves {\bf{removing}} something desirable after an undesirable behavior. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Positive/Negative Reinforcement/Punishment (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
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{\emph{Example}} & A parent takes away a child's phone for not doing their homework \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Positive = add stimulus   \newline Negative = remove stimulus   \newline Reinforcement = increase / maintains behavior   \newline Punishment = decrease behavior}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors}}  \tn
% Row 0
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DRO: & Combines extinction of one behavior and reinforcement of another behavior to shift a habit \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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{\emph{Example}} & Reinforce taking time to meditate or exercise to lower anxiety while extinguishing use of sedative medication \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Withhold reinforcement}} for challenging behavior: & e.g., A hyperactive child is ignored {\emph{(withholding reinforcement)}} when she speaks out of turn {\emph{(extinction)}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Providing reinforcement}} for an appropriate replacement behavior: & e.g., Reinforcing (providing reinforcement) when she waits for her turn to speak, is engaged in on-task behavior, raises her hand to ask questions, or remains seated \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Also known as {\bf{{\emph{DRI}} (differential reinforcement of incompatible responses)}} or {\bf{{\emph{DRA}} (differential reinforcement of alternative responses)}}}  \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Operant Extinction Paradigm}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Operant Extinction Paradigm: & When reinforcement is first removed, there may be an intense upsurge in the problem behavior - it's necessary to hang in there and ignore that to avoid giving in with an {\bf{intermittent reinforcement}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Operant Extinction Paradigm: (Remove Reinforcement)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extinction Burst}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Extinction Burst: & An increase of behavior that occurs when a behavior that has been reinforced in the past is no longer reinforced \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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{\emph{Example:}} & A child who typically cries to get attention may start crying more intensely or for longer periods when attention is no longer given \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\emph{Example:}} & A person who has been reinforced for a particular behavior (like asking for something repeatedly) might increase their requests when the reinforcement is no longer provided \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Latent Learning (Tolman)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Latent Learning:}} {\emph{(also known as incidental learning)}} & The subconscious retention of information or skills without reinforcement or immediate behavioral change \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{e.g., Tolman conducted experiments with rats in mazes. Rats that explored the maze without any rewards still formed cognitive maps of the maze. When a reward was later introduced, these rats navigated the maze more efficiently than those without prior exposure, demonstrating latent learning.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Zeigarnik Effect}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Tendency to remember unfinished or interrupted tasks better than completed ones} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This phenomenon occurs because incomplete tasks create a state of mental tension, which keeps them active in our memory until they are completed} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{e.g., Students who interrupt their study sessions to perform unrelated activities may remember the material better than those who finish study sessions without breaks.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Impact of Sleep on Learning \& Memory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Sleep is the time where we consolidate the things we learned} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Development Across the Lifespan}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Development}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.748 cm} x{2.964 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Genetic Disorder}} & {\bf{Cause}} & {\bf{Impact}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Down's Syndrome & Extra Chromosome 21 (3 vs 2) & Intellectual disability, physical defects, hearing loss, immune \& cardiac systems weak \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Tay Sachs Disease & Can't metabolize fats due to missing enzyme, \seqsplit{hexosaminidase-A} & To avoid neural damage, must avoid foods with high fat \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Phenylketonuria} (PKU) & Can't metabolize phenylalanine due to enzyme deficiency & Intellectual disability, other neurological problems. Must avoid hi protein foods with PA \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 4
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Sickle Cell Disease & Red blood cells sickle shaped, get stuck in capillaries & No oxygen to tissue, resulting pain hard to handle \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Cystic Fibrosis & Recessive - 25\% chance when 2 carriers conceive: Aa+Bb-\textgreater{} ab, gene shows symptoms & Thick, sticky mucous clogging lungs/gut, infections destroy lung tissue, shortens life \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.748 cm} x{2.964 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Klinefelter's} Syndrome & Males with an extra X chromosome (XXY) & physical, psychological, and developmental symptoms, including infertility, reduced muscle mass, increased height, and learning difficulties. Abnormal development of secondary sex \seqsplit{characteristics} (breast development, small testicles, high-pitched voice.) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Turner Syndrome & Females with the absence or partial absence of one X chromosome & physical and developmental issues, such as short stature, underdeveloped sex organs, infertility, heart and kidney problems, and learning difficulties. Girls with Turner Syndrome may also have a distinct physical appearance, such as a webbed neck, low hairline at the back of the neck, and drooping eyelids. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 21)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.748 cm} x{2.964 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & Teratogen agents in alcohol & delayed growth, physical deformities, delayed motor development, decreased intelligence, learning disabilities, short attention span, restlessness, irritability, hyperactivity \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Intersex \seqsplit{Conditions} & A group of disorders where sexual development is different than the normal binary of male or female development &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Critical vs Sensitive Periods}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Critical Periods & {\bf{{\emph{Limited}}}} time periods when certain experiences are necessary for the proper development \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Impact:}} & {\emph{if the experience is missed, the ability or trait may never develop}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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Sensitive Periods & Important and {\bf{{\emph{flexible}}}} periods when the brain is more receptive to experiences \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Impact:}} & {\emph{can still have a significant impact on development, however catch up is possible}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.9 cm} x{1.368 cm} x{4.332 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Object Permanence vs Object Constancy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Object \seqsplit{permanence:} & Birth - 2 y/o & The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is not seen (10 mos), in {\bf{sensorimotor stage}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Object \seqsplit{constancy:} & 2 - 3 y/o & The ability to maintain the image of the mother when she is not present, as well as to unify the good and bad into a whole representation \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\emph{object permanence:}} Piaget's stages in cognitive and intellectual development \newline \{\{ac\}\} {\emph{object constancy:}} Mahler stages of development}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ainsworth Attachment types}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\emph{Secure}} & Are warm responsive. When exposed to the stranger, these infants seek closeness and contact with the mother, may show moderate distress upon separation, and greet the mother with enthusiasm when she returns. It is hypothesized that a parenting style of sensitive and responsive caregiving is associated with secure attachment \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Avoidant}} & Do not seek closeness and contact with the mother, treat the mother like strangers rarely cry when she leaves the room, and ignore her on her return. They may even prefer the stranger over the mother. It is believed that a caregiving style an aloofness and distance, or intrusiveness, and overstimulation is associated with avoidant attachment \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Ambivalent}} & Are clingy and become upset when the mother leaves the room. When the mother returns, the babies are happy and reestablish contact, but they show their ambivalence by then resisting the mother's comforting behaviors. They may cry, kick, or squirm to get away. Ambivalent babies do little exploration and appear angry toward both the mother and the stranger \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ainsworth Attachment types (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Disorganized:}} & No clear strategy in dealing with the mother. They may be unresponsive when the mother returns. At times, they may avoid and resist the mother. At other times, they may freeze and stop moving when their mother comes near \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Effect of Extreme Neglect}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Seniors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Medical Work Up}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Role medical work up to rule out medical/medication issues}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.64 cm} x{5.36 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pseudo-dementia vs dementia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Dementia (NCDs)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} symptoms: & Progressive cognitive decline; often {\bf{deny}} memory issues \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\} testing:} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} treatment: & Irreversible deterioration \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Pseudodementia}}}} & Cognitive impairment in older adults due to {\bf{depression,}} mimicking a neurocognitive disorder (NCD). \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} symptoms: & Slower processing speed, difficulty with concen¬tration and attention, psychomotor retardation; Patients {\bf{acknowledge}} memory loss; \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ar\}\} testing:} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} treatment: & Cognitive function {\bf{improves}} once depression is treated \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Crystallized} & Semantic memory (facts, vocabulary). {\bf{Preserved}} with age. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Fluid & Processing speed, problem-solving. {\bf{Declines}} with age (slower reaction time, fine motor speed, hand-eye coordination). \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Healthy Aging}} & Mental capacity remains intact, but processing slows \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleep Changes Over the Lifespan}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Functions of REM Sleep: & Psychological restoration; {\bf{Memory consolidation}} \& emotional processing; Brain development; Dreaming (often bizarre and illogical) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Newborns:}} & 50\% \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{5-year-olds:}} & 50-25\% \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Older adults:}} & 18\% \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{REM sleep decreases with age}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stage-Based Developmental Theories}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.28 cm} x{2.432 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Stages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Age Period}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Psychosexual}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Main Features}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Birth - 1.5 year & Oral & Sucking, chewing, \& biting \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1.5 - 3 year & Anal & Anus, bladder control \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
3 - 6 year & Phallic & Genitals, masturbation \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
6 - Puberty & Latency & Sexual feelings \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Puberty - Adult & Genital & Sexual interest \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.08 cm} x{2.304 cm} x{2.376 cm} x{1.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Freud vs. Erikson}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Freud}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Erikson}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Age}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Psychosexual Stage}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Psychosocial Crisis}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Strength}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1st year & Oral & trust vs. mistrust & Hope \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
1-3 & Anal & autonomy vs. guilt & Will \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3-5/6 & Phallic & industry vs. inferiority & Purpose \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{5/6-12} & Latency & identity vs. role confusion & \seqsplit{Competence} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
12-18 & Genital & intimacy vs. isolation & \seqsplit{Fidelity} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
18-35 &  & generatively vs. stagnation & Love \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
35-60 &  & integrity vs. despair & Care \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
60+ &  &  & Wisdom \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.66 cm} x{3.268 cm} x{1.672 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{literal\}\}Sensorimotor Stage: & Infants experience the world through senses and actions. {\bf{Object permanence}}, the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is not seen &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{literal\}\}Preoperational Stage: & Children begin to {\bf{use symbols and language}} to represent objects and ideas, but their thinking is still primarily {\bf{egocentric and concrete.}} They struggle with concepts such as {\bf{conservation}}, which is the idea that the amount of substance remains the same even when its appearance changes &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 18)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Concrete Operational Stage: & Children begin to think {\bf{logically about concrete events}} and objects. They can understand {\bf{conservation}} and begin to grasp concepts such as {\bf{reversibility,}} {\bf{classification}} and {\bf{cause-and-effect}} relationships &  \tn 
% Row Count 42 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.66 cm} x{3.268 cm} x{1.672 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{literal\}\}Formal operational & Adolescents and adults are able to {\bf{think abstractly}} and reason {\bf{hypothetically.}} They can engage in {\bf{complex problem-solving}} and can {\bf{understand multiple perspectives}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Stage}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Age}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Goal}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sensorimotor & Birth to 18-24 months & Object \seqsplit{permanence} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Preoperational} & 2 to 7 years old & \seqsplit{Symbolic} thought \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Concrete operational & 7 to 11 years & Logical thought \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{literal\}\}Formal operational & Adolescence to adulthood & \seqsplit{Scientific} \seqsplit{reasoning} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{(attention to pre operations vs concert operations as per \seqsplit{(conservation/irreversibility;} centration, intuitive thinking, accommodation vs assimilation)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assimilation vs. Accommodation (Piaget)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Schemas: & A way of organizing distinct pieces of knowledge within the human mind. They help us make sense of the past and plan for the future {\emph{(e.g., Objects, Abstractions, Concepts, Actions)}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Centration:}}}} & The tendency to focus on one aspect of a problem at a time {\emph{(e.g., example, a young child will have difficulty seeing his mother in both a mother role and sister role to his aunt. The child cannot process her having two roles.)}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 11)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Assimilation:}} & The process of taking in a new experience and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures or schemas {\emph{(e.g., a child may label a horse as a dog because it fits their schema of four-legged animals.)}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assimilation vs. Accommodation (Piaget) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Accommodation:}} & The adjustment of existing schemas to make sense of new information. This process occurs when existing schemas cannot explain new experiences {\emph{(e.g., when a child sees a cat for the first time, they may need to create a new schema for cats that is distinct from their existing schema for dogs)}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Assimilation \& Accommodation:}} & Two Processes constantly work together in development of new schemas and the refinement of existing ones. It is essential for cognitive development, as it enables individuals to continuously learn and adapt to their environment \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.964 cm} x{1.216 cm} x{3.42 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kohlberg stages of moral development}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Stages}} & \{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Age}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{literal\}\}Pre-Conventional Stage & 4-10 & Obedience \& punishment orientation {\emph{(How can I avoid punishment?)}}; Self-interest orientation {\emph{(What's in it for me? aiming at a reward)}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Conventional Stage & After 10 & Interpersonal accord and conformity {\emph{(Social norms, good boy-good girl attitude)}}; Authority and social-order maintaining orientation {\emph{(Law and order morality)}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{literal\}\}Post-Conventional Stage & After 13 & Social contract orientation {\emph{(Justice and the spirit of the law)}}; Universal ethical principles {\emph{(Principled conscience)}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.872 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{0.936 cm} x{2.592 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Erickson's Stages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Age}} & {\bf{Conflict}} & {\bf{Resolution}} & {\bf{Culmination in Old Age}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Infancy (0-1 year) & Basic trust vs. mistrust & Hope & \{\{literal\}\}Appreciation of \seqsplit{interdependence} and relatedness \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Early childhood (1-3 years) & Autonomy vs. shame & Will & Acceptance of the cycle of life, from integration to \seqsplit{disintegration} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Play age (3-6 years) & \seqsplit{Initiative} vs. guilt & \seqsplit{Purpose} & Humor; empathy; resilience \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
School age (6-12 years) & Industry vs. \seqsplit{Inferiority} & \seqsplit{Competence} & Humility; acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Adolescence} (12-19 years) & Identity vs. Confusion & \seqsplit{Fidelity} & Sense of complexity of life; merging of sensory, ogical and aesthetic perception \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Early adulthood (20-25 years) & Intimacy vs. Isolation & Love & Sense of the complexity of \seqsplit{relationships;} value of tenderness and loving freely \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.872 cm} x{1.8 cm} x{0.936 cm} x{2.592 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Erickson's Stages (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Adulthood (26-64 years) & \seqsplit{Generativity} vs. \seqsplit{stagnation} & Care & Caritas, caring for others, and agape, empathy and concern \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Old age \seqsplit{(65-death)} & Integrity vs. Despair & \seqsplit{Wisdom} & Existential identity; a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical \seqsplit{disintegration} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Self-In-Relation Model: & Woman's sense of self is primarily developed and understood through her relationships with others \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{The relational paradox:}} & Seeking connection while at the same time keeping important parts of oneself out of connection \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Gilligan's Stages of Ethic of Care}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Stage}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Goal}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}\{\{noshy\}\}{\emph{Pre-conventional}} & \{\{ac\}\}Goal is individual survival \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Transition is from {\bf{selfishness}} to {\bf{responsibility to others}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Conventional}} & \{\{ac\}\}Self sacrifice is goodness \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\emph{Transition is from {\bf{goodness}} to {\bf{truth that she is a person too}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}\{\{noshy\}\}{\emph{Post-conventional}} & \{\{ac\}\}Principle of nonviolence: do not hurt others or self \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biological Basis of Behavior}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain \& Neuro Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of the Brain Areas}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cerebral Cortex}} & Involved in many high-level functions, such as reasoning, emotion, thought, memory, language and consciousness \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Frontal Lobe: & the largest portion of the brain (about ⅓ of the entire brain) divided into {\bf{{\emph{prefrontal cortex,}}}} {\emph{premotor area,}} and {\emph{motor area}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Parietal Lobe: & Primary sensory areas that process somatosensory information, sensations of touch, pain, heat, and proprioception. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Temporal Lobe: & Auditory processing, memory information retrieval, and involved in emotional behavior. Connected to limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, etc). \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Occipital Lobe: & Visual perception, visual interpretation, and reading \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of the Brain Areas (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)}} & Integration center for all sensory information and executive functions (decision making, planning, working memory, personality expression, social behavior, speech and language). {\bf{Personality center}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Broca's area}} & Controls the muscles that produce speech and language comprehension \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Wernicke's Area}} & Language compre¬hension = receives auditory signals from the ear and processes them to understand the meaning of spoken words \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Limbic System}}}} (Primitive brain) & Regulates emotions (basic survival instincts), influences memories/ learning, and motivation (basic drives) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{lobes, main structures/impairments if they get damaged}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.6 cm} x{6.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Divisions of the Brain}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Forebrain:} & Processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem-solving, and regulate autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Midbrain:} & Helps to regulate movement and process auditory and visual information \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Hindbrain:} & Helps regulate automatic functions, relay sensory information, and maintain balance and equilibrium \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Types of scans used for the brain/purpose of each scan}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Circadian Rhythms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Circadian Rhythm: & Natural, internal processes that regulate the timing of physiological functions, such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, and body temperature \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) & A small brain region in the hypothalamus that acts as the body's master biological clock, regulating circadian rhythms like sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, and other physiological functions \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pineal gland & Helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{How do they interact?}} & The {\bf{SCN}} sends messages to the {\bf{pineal gland}}, which triggers the {\emph{release of melatonin at night}} and triggers the {\emph{release of cortisol}} and other hormones to help you {\emph{wake up in the morning}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.14 cm} x{3.192 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scans Used for the Brain}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Type}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Purpose}} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Uses}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
MRI & More expensive, detailed images possible with enhanced soft-tissue resolution to pick up more subtle structural issues. {\bf{Uses magnetic resonance}} & tumors, strokes, dementia, epilepsy, Alzheimers, Parkinson's \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CT Scan & Quick, cost-effective images of basic structures, very useful as first-line assessment in emergencies to identify brain issues that need emergent care (brain bleeds, etc). {\bf{Uses radio}} & blood clots or internal brain injuries \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 12)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
PET Scan & Detailed metabolic picture of brain function. Can give info about low (Alzheimer's, stroke/ blood vessel damaging affecting function) or high (brain tumor or other inflammatory or cancer) related process. {\bf{Uses radioactive dye}} & Alzheimer's, stroke, tumors, or cancer \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 15)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Post-Concussion Syndrome/Symptoms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Aftereffects of {\bf{Head Trauma}} & Can cause memory impairments (post-traumatic {\bf{amnesia,}} persistent memory deficits), {\bf{executive functioning}} disturbances, and {\bf{personality changes}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Phineas Gage Case (1848):}} & The most well-known case of frontal lobe dysfunction. His injury led to drastic personality changes, later associated with {\bf{"frontotemporal dementia."}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Aftereffects of {\bf{Concussions}} & May result in a short-term loss of consciousness, {\bf{anterograde amnesia}} (difficulty forming new memories), and {\bf{retrograde amnesia}} (loss of past memories) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Common symptoms:}} & Dizziness, headache, fatigue; Difficulty concentrating, memory deficits; Irritability, anxiety, insomnia; Heightened sensitivity to noise and light; Hypochondriacal concerns \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Etiology/treatment of Movement Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Definition: & Abnormal repetitive movements \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Basal Ganglia:}} & The reservoir of our over-learned motor patterns, like riding a bike, automatic daily habits, backing out of the driveway, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{noshy\}\}{\emph{Hypokinetic:}} & Slow or reduced movements {\bf{(e.g., parkinson's disease, dementia with lewy bodies)}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{noshy\}\}{\emph{Hyperkinetic:}} & Excess or involuntary movements {\bf{(e.g., huntington's disease/chorea, tremors, tics/ tourette's syndrome)}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Tourette's Syndrome:}}}} & A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements or sounds (tics) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Brain Area: & basal ganglia, frontal lobes and cortex \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{noshy\}\}Comorbidities: & OCD; ADHD; Anxiety, Autism \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Parkinson's Disease:}}}} & Damage to the {\bf{Substantia Nigra, caudate nucleus, and putamen,}} the dopamine rich brain areas of the mid -brain where it's essential for movement and mood regulation. Some people can progress to severe depression, difficulty moving with a cue, and progress to psychosis \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Etiology/treatment of Movement Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Possible Cause: & Bacterial infections (e.g., from foodborne pathogens) may travel via the {\bf{Vagus nerve,}} leading to inflammation and degeneration \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Symptoms: & {\bf{Movement difficulties}} (tremors, rigidity, slowed initiation); {\bf{Depression, psychosis}} in severe cases \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Prevalence: & Increasing significantly (e.g., Michael J. Fox as a well-known case) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Treatment: & Taking {\bf{L Dopa}} (a dopamine precursor) to build up missing dopamine can replace some of the lost dopamine, at least temporarily, to slow down progression and ameliorate symptoms. {\bf{Music Therapy}} may aid {\emph{movement}} and {\emph{mood regulation}}; Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgical tx for severe cases; Other psychopharmacology {\bf{(Carbidopa; dopamine agonists, enzyme inhibitors; amantadine; Anticholinergics)}} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Etiology/treatment of Movement Disorders (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Huntington Chorea:}}}} & Degeneration of {\bf{basal ganglia}} neurons, resulting in uncontrollable, jerky movements (chorieform movements) and speech outbursts, and progressive cognitive decline \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Cause: & Genetic disorder causing degeneration of {\bf{basal ganglia}} neurons \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Symptoms: & Choreiform (jerky, {\bf{involuntary movements)}}; {\bf{Speech}} outbursts; Progressive {\bf{cognitive decline}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Onset: & Typically {\bf{40–50 years;}} often passed down before symptoms appear \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Treatment: & No cure available \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(Parkinson's, tics, OCD)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.76 cm} x{6.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Delirium}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Delirium:}} & A disturbance in {\bf{attention}} and {\bf{awareness}} (e.g., reduced orientation to the environment). {\bf{Cognitive disturbance}} (e.g., memory problems, disorientation, language difficulties, visuospatial abilities, or perceptual disturbance) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Features:} & Rapid onset and fluctuates (typically worse at night). May involve hallucinations or belligerence requiring meds like Haldol (antipsychotic) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Causes: & Infections (e.g., UTI in elderly), medication reactions, intoxication/ withdrawal, brain chemistry disruption, or toxic exposures \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Course: & Only diagnosed when there is evidence that the symptoms have a physiological cause \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Treatment:} & If the cause is found and removed, it is usually reversible \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aphasias}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Aphasia:}} & Loss of Speech or Language Comprehension \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Receptive Aphasia {\bf{(Wernicke's Aphasia):}}}} & Damage to the {\bf{left temporal lobe}} {\emph{(Wernicke's area)}} impairs {\emph{language comprehension.}} The person may speak in {\emph{gibberish}} but remain unaware of their incoherence. Temporal lobe damage can also affect {\emph{semantic}} and {\emph{long-term memory}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Expressive Aphasia {\bf{(Broca's Aphasia):}}}} & Damage to the posterior {\bf{frontal lobe}} {\emph{(Broca's area)}} affects {\emph{speech production.}} The person understands language and knows what they want to say but {\emph{struggles to verbalize it}}, causing frustration \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Conduction Aphasia:}} & Damage to the neural pathways between the 2 ares. The message does not get through from {\bf{Wernicke's area}} {\emph{(what you want to say)}} to {\bf{Broca's area}} {\emph{(actually physically saying it)}} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aphasias (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Global Aphasia:}} & Widespread damage affecting both {\emph{comprehension and speech production,}} severely impairing {\emph{communication}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Damage in all areas interferes with the {\bf{ability to repeat verbal phrases}}, but for different reasons}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wernicke's Encephalopathy (WE)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cause: & By thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency; most commonly associated with {\bf{chronic AUD}}; Malnutrition; Eating disorders; Hyperemesis gravidarum; Prolonged IV therapy; Gastrointestinal disorders \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Symptoms: & Confusion {\emph{(mental status changes, disorientation, difficulty concentrating);}} Ataxia {\emph{(impaired coordination, difficulty walking)}}; Ophthalmoplegia {\emph{(eye movement abnormalities, nystagmus, double vision)}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Treatment: & Immediate Thiamine Replacement; Address Underlying Cause (e.g., AUD) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
When Is It Reversible? & If treated {\bf{early}} WE is potentially reversible, with improvement in symptoms within {\emph{days to weeks.}} If {\bf{untreated}} or chronic, it can progress to {\bf{Korsakoff's Syndrome (KS)}}, a severe and often irreversible condition characterized by {\emph{profound memory loss and confabulation}} (fabricated memories) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wernicke's Encephalopathy (WE) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Korsakoff's Syndrome:}} & If WE progresses to Korsakoff's syndrome, the memory and learning deficits may be more persistent and less likely to fully reverse \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{AUD = alcohol use disorder \newline {\bf{{\emph{Early Treatment is Key}}}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychopharmacology \& Substances}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurotransmitters Functions \& Effect}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Neurotransmitter}} & {\bf{Behavior or Disease Related}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Acetylcholine (ACh)}} & Learning and memory; {\bf{Alzheimer's Disease's}} muscle movement in the peripheral nervous system {\emph{(+ ACh = spasms. - ACh = paralysis)}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Dopamine (DA)}} & Motivation; Reward circuits; Motor circuits involved in {\bf{Parkinson's disease; Schizophrenia}} Dysregulation is involved in {\bf{bipolar disorder}} (manic episodes) and {\bf{depression.}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Norepinephrine (NE)}} & Arousal; Depression \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Serotonin (5HT)}} & {\bf{Depression,}} Aggression; {\bf{Schizophrenia}} behavior \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{GABA}} & {\bf{Anxiety}} disorders, {\bf{Epilepsy;}} Major {\bf{inhibitory neurotransmitter}} in the brain \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Glutamate}} & Learning; Major {\bf{excitatory neurotransmitter}} in the brain \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Endogenous Opioids}} & Pain; Analgesia (inability to feel pain); Reward \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{KEY TERMS: \newline Mania: arousal, aggression \newline ADHD: learning, memory \newline Addiction: reward}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders \& Neurotransmitters}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Mood Disorders (Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Anxiety)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{noshy\}\}	Serotonin (5-HT): & Regulates mood, anxiety, and emotional stability. {\bf{Low levels}} are linked to {\bf{depression,}} {\bf{anxiety disorders,}} and {\bf{mania}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Dopamine (DA): & Associated with motivation, reward, and pleasure. Dysregulation is involved in {\bf{bipolar disorder}} {\emph{(manic episodes)}} and {\bf{depression}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{noshy\}\}	Norepinephrine (NE): & Plays a role in alertness, energy, and stress response. {\bf{Low levels}} contribute to {\bf{depression}} and {\emph{fatigue,}} while {\bf{high levels}} are linked to {\bf{anxiety}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Glutamate (Glu): & The brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter. Imbalances are associated with {\bf{bipolar disorder, depression,}} and {\bf{schizophrenia}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders \& Neurotransmitters (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
GABA: & The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, promoting relaxation and reducing excitability. {\bf{Low GABA}} levels are linked to {\bf{anxiety disorders }} and {\bf{mood instability}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Psychotic Disorders (Schizophrenia)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Dopamine (DA): & {\bf{Excessive dopamine}} activity is associated with {\bf{positive symptoms}} {\emph{(hallucinations, delusions)}}. {\bf{Low dopamine}} is linked to {\bf{negative symptoms}} {\emph{(apathy, cognitive deficits)}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Glutamate (Glu): & Dysfunction in glutamate signaling, particularly at {\emph{NMDA receptors}}, may contribute to {\bf{schizophrenia symptoms}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
GABA: & Impaired function can contribute to cognitive and sensory processing deficits in {\bf{schizophrenia}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Memory and Cognitive Function}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders \& Neurotransmitters (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{noshy\}\}	Acetylcholine (ACh): & Essential for learning and memory. Low levels are associated with {\bf{Alzheimer's disease}} and other {\bf{dementias}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Glutamate (Glu): & Crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Dysregulation is linked to {\emph{neurodegenerative disorders}} {\bf{(Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, Huntington's, Frontotemporal dementia, ataxias)}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 9)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Dopamine (DA): & Supports working memory and executive function. Impairments are observed in {\bf{Parkinson's disease}} and {\bf{schizophrenia}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Sleep Regulation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{noshy\}\}	Serotonin (5-HT): & Plays a role in sleep onset and regulation of {\emph{REM sleep}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
GABA: & Promotes relaxation and inhibits wakefulness, essential for deep sleep \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Melatonin: & A hormone influenced by serotonin, regulating the sleep-wake cycle \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders \& Neurotransmitters (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{noshy\}\}	Orexin (Hypocretin): & Promotes wakefulness; deficiencies are linked to {\bf{narcolepsy}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Uses \& side effects of major psychotropic drugs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(anti-psychotics, anti-depressants, mood stabilizers, stimulants, sedatives) \newline Examples: Tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, anti-cholinergic effects \newline Withdrawal effects of drugs \& substances \newline Including substances especially dangerous to withdraw from}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Uses \& side effects of major psychotropic drugs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(anti-psychotics, anti-depressants, mood stabilizers, stimulants, sedatives) \newline Examples: Tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, anti-cholinergic effects \newline Withdrawal effects of drugs \& substances \newline Including substances especially dangerous to withdraw from}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Withdrawal effects of drugs \& substances}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Including substances especially dangerous to withdraw from}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assessment \& Diagnosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assessment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{: types/deficits seen (Broca's vs Wernicke's vs conduction aphasia)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fluid \& Crystallized Intelligence on WAIS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Senior Scores in the WAIS: & Scores on the processing speed index (PSI) {\bf{decline}} more significantly; Scores on the verbal comprehension index (VCI) {\emph{stay the same}}* \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Crystallized Intelligence- & Older adults find vocabulary, information, and comprehension the easiest of the subtest and scores on the subtests may only begin to show a decline in the 70's \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fluid Intelligence- & The performance subtests are therefore experienced as the most difficult, with subtest scores beginning to decline in the 30's or 40's \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Releasing Test Results}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The Ethics Code defines test data as: "raw and scaled scores, client/patient responses to    test questions or stimuli, and psychologists notes and recordings concerning client/patient statements and behavior during an examination"} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Psychologists should release test data to the client or to whomever is designated on a client's release of information form.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{From an ethical perspective, psychologists may refuse to release the data if they believe doing so would cause {\bf{"substantial harm, or the misuse or misinterpretation of test data."}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{If a client has not signed a release of information, psychologists may only release data if mandated by law or a court order.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Releasing test results: when ok to release raw data, honor client's choice to receive data/note obsolescence if tests are old when test results are released}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purpose of Projective Tests}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Purpose of Projective Tests & The premise underlying projective testing is the {\emph{projective hypothesis}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Projective Hypothesis}} & When persons are presented with unstructured stimuli to interpret or elaborate upon, it is believed that they project material from their unconscious onto the stimuli.    Thus their interpretations and elaborations will reveal unconscious material from their psyche, such as repressed wishes, conflicts, and preoccupations \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagnosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differential diagnosis of Pediatric disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differential of psychotic disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Schizo-affective vs Schizophrenia vs (Bipolar) Mood disorder vs Delusional Disorder}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Differential Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Social Anxiety Disorder vs Generalized Anxiety Disorder vs OCD vs OC personality disorder}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Treatment, Intervention}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Treatment of Common Psychological Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic Violence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Safety Issues}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Depression Treatment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anxiety Disorders Treatment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bipolar Disorder:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{genetic etiology/treatment, including psychopharmacology.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Therapy Approaches}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychodynamic}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Basic psychodynamic defense mechanisms. Freud vs Adler}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Group Therapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Group Stages}} & Yalom has proposed that process groups evolve through three stages \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Initial Stage:}} & Participation is hesitant. The group discusses topics of little personal significance and searches for commonalities. Members give and seek advice. In this stage, group members typically talk to the therapists, rather than with one another \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 12)
% Row 2
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{\emph{Second Stage:}} & Conflict among group members. Rebellion toward group leaders. Attempts at dominance. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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{\emph{Third Stage:}} & If the second stage is successfully negotiated, the gThe development of closeness, intimacy and cohesion. Group members talk freely with one another \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{Yalom's 12 Therapeutic Factors:}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Group Therapy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Instillation of Hope:}} & Members recognize other member's improvement and develop optimism for their own improvement \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 6
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{\emph{Universality:}} & Members realize that they are not alone in their feelings, impulses, thoughts, and problems \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 7
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{\emph{Imparting information:}} & Education and advice provided by the group members and therapist \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 8
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{\emph{Altruism:}} & Members boost their self-esteem and sense of value and significance by helping other group members \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Family dynamics re-enacted:}} & The opportunity to re-enact family dynamics within the safety and corrective manner of a group setting \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 10
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{\emph{Development of socializing techniques:}} & Provides an environment for group members to have social development, tolerance, empathy, and other interpersonal skills \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Group Therapy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Imitative behavior:}} & Group members expand their own knowledge and skills by observing other member's self-exploration, working through, and personal development \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Interpersonal learning:}} & {\bf{Input:}} members gain personal insight about their interpersonal impact through feedback provided by other members. {\bf{Output:}} members provide an environment that allows members to interact in a more adaptive manner and practice new skills \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 13)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Cohesiveness:}} & Gives members a sense of trust, acceptance, belonging, and security \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Catharsis:}} & Members release strong feelings or suppressed emotions about past or present experiences \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Existential factors:}} & Members accept responsibility for their life decisions – by living 'existentially', members learn how to accept responsibility without escaping from them \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Group Therapy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Self-understanding:}} & Members gain insight into psychological motivation underlying behavior and emotional reactions \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Fostering cohesion in groups & {\bf{Cohesiveness}} is the most important. Encourages acceptance, intimacy and understanding, and honest expression {\emph{(even conflict towards member and leaders)}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Group Norms & {\bf{Therapist's Role:}} Shape the group into a therapeutic social system. Establish group norms (rules/guidelines) through direct and indirect influence \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structural vs Strategic Family Therapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{{\emph{Structural Therapy}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Theory of Change: & Change occurs through restructuring the family's organization \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Role of the Therapist: & Therapist is active and involved. Helps the family understand how family structure {\emph{(relationships and hierarchies)}} can be changed, the impact of rituals and rules, and how new patterns of interaction can be integrated into the family \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Treatment Goals: & Restructure family system to allow for symptom relief and constructive problem-solving; Change dysfunctional transactional patterns and create new ways of relating; and Help create flexible boundaries \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Phases of Therapy:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Beginning: & Join with family; both accommodate to and challenge rules of family system; assessment/mapping of hierarchy, alignments, and boundaries; reframing of problem to include whole system \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structural vs Strategic Family Therapy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Middle: & Highlight and modify interactions; utilize enactments of issues to challenge participants and unbalance system \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
End: & Review progress made; reinforce structural change; provide tools for future \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{{\emph{Strategic Therapy}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Theory of Change: & Change occurs through action-oriented directives and paradoxical interventions \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Role of the Therapist: & Therapist delivers directives that facilitate change, particularly around   patterns of communication. Focuses on solving problem/eliminating symptoms. Designs a specific approach for each person's presenting problem \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Treatment Goals: & Solve the presenting problems \& Change dysfunctional patterns of interaction \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Phases of Therapy:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Beginning: & Define the problem; determine how the client understands the problem; assess family's destructive patterns of relating and communicating the continued problem; state goals – what behaviors need to change and what would   be the signs of change \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structural vs Strategic Family Therapy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Middle: & Review attempted solutions; assign ordeals; prescribe the problem; relabel behavior; instruct client to respond to the problem in a new way \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
End: & Plan for maintenance of new behavior; plan for future challenges; emphasize positive changes made \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Major components: & {\emph{Direct instruction, persuasion}} and {\emph{logical disputation}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Emotional disturbances:}}}} & Thought to result from irrational beliefs. Ellis believed that one's beliefs about the event result in the consequences \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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{\emph{ABC Model (intervention):}} & Helps clarify the role of cognition in behavior: \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} A = & the activating event \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\} B = & the belief \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} C = & the consequence or emotional/behavioral outcome \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{DEF (treatment):}} & The DEF component is the result of therapy \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} D = & the disputing intervention \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\} E = & the adoption of a more effective philosophy \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} F = & the new feelings \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{1.04 cm} x{6.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CBT vs. ACT}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{CBT:}} & Focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors, providing structured solutions to current problems \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{ACT:}} & Focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors, providing structured solutions to current problems \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trauma}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{post-trauma interventions recommended vs contraindicated}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intervention Levels}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Primary Prevention & Prevents the problem or disorder from occurring altogether (e.g., mammograms, hotlines, aggressively treating children with conduct disorder to prevent the development of antisocial personality disorder) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Secondary Prevention & Involves early identification of and aggressive treatment for a disorder or problem that already exists {\emph{(e.g., mammograms, hotlines, aggressively treating children with conduct disorder to prevent the development of antisocial personality disorder)}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 11)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Tertiary Prevention & Targeted at minimizing the long-term consequences of a chronic condition {\emph{(e.g., vocational rehabilitation and day treatment centers for clients with schizophrenia, and 12-step programs for alcoholics or addicts)}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Community Psychology}} & bringing mental health care into the community instead of just relying on hospitals and clinics \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intervention Levels (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Prevention → }} & Stopping mental health problems before they start \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Treatment → }} & Helping people who are struggling \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\emph{Rehabilitation →}} & Supporting people in recovery \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Etiology/treatment of movement disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(Parkinson's, tics, OCD)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ethical, Legal, \& Professional Issues}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{First Response to Observed Unethical Behavior}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What should be the first action?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Attempt to resolve the issue by bringing it to the attention of that individual if an {\emph{informal resolution}} appears appropriate and confidentiality will not be violated } \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What is not appropriate for informal resolution?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}  When it can violate any confidentiality rights that may be involved} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What if it's unsuccessful or not appropriate?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Psychologists take further action {\emph{(e.g., referral to ethics committees or licensing board)}} unless such action conflicts with confidentiality rights in ways that cannot be resolved} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Multiple Relationships}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{When do multiple relationship occur?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A multiple relationship exists when a therapist enters into a non-professional relationship with a current client, or with someone close to the client (e.g., the client's boyfriend or sister)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{When should a psychologist not enter into a multiple relationship?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}If it might impair the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness, or if it might harm or exploit the other party.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Is a multiple relationship unethical?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The Ethics Code explicitly states that a multiple relationship is not in and of itself unethical} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{When is a multiple relationship unethical?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}"Multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical" } \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conflict of Interest}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3.06 Conflict of Interest :}} Psychologists refrain from taking on a professional role when personal, scientific, professional, legal, financial, or other interests or relationships could reasonably be expected to:  {\emph{(1) impair their {\bf{objectivity, competence, or effectiveness}} in performing their functions as psychologists}} or  {\emph{(2) expose the person or organization with whom the professional relationship {\bf{exists to harm or exploitation.}}}}% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Informed Consent}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{When is informed consent required?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}When psychologists engage in research, assessment, therapy, counseling, or consultation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What kind of language should they consider?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The language used must be reasonably understandable to the clients} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What is an exception to this requirement?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}When laws or governmental regulations mandate conducting these activities without consent {\emph{(e.g., in a court-ordered evaluation, consent is not obtained. The client is, however, informed of the purpose of the evaluation and limits of confidentiality)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Who signs informed consent for a minor?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Psychologists must obtain permission from a legally authorized person (e.g., legal guardian). Psychologists have a responsibility to protect the client's rights and well-being, even if the law does not require them to get consent from a legally authorized person.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Do you need informed consent from a client who is mandated by court?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}When someone is required by a court to receive psychological services (like therapy or an evaluation), the psychologist must: Explain the services; Clarify that it's mandatory; and Discuss confidentiality limits} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Do you need a written informed consent for mandated services?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Psychologists must record that informed consent (or assent) was given—whether it was written or spoken. At minimum, a psychologist should note in the client's records that they explained the information and the client understood it.} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Treating Minors (Record Release/ Informed Consent)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Who consents to treatment?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Legal guardian/parent or 12+ if mature and potential harm to client if the guardian is aware} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Who holds privilege?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}If 12 y/o signs consent and is the holder of privilege (psychologist and client assert privilege together)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Informed Consent in Human Studies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Code 8.02 Informed Consent to Research}} & Ensures participants understand what they're signing up for and can make an informed decision \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Purpose \& Process}} & Explain what the study is about, how long it will take, and what participants will do \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Voluntary Participation}} & Participants can choose to join or leave at any time \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Consequences of Leaving}} & Any potential impact of withdrawing should be explained \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Risks \& Confidentiality}} & Inform participants of any risks, discomfort, or limits to privacy \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Potential Benefits}} & Explain what, if anything, participants might gain from the research \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Confidentiality}} & Clarify what information will be kept private and what won't \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Incentives}} & If participants are paid or rewarded, they should know upfront \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Informed Consent in Human Studies (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Contact for Questions}} & Provide a person they can reach out to with concerns \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Deception}} & Researchers still need to get consent \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Experimental Treatments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Additional details must be included: & : Clearly state that the treatment is experimental; Explain whether the control group gets a treatment or not; Describe how participants are assigned to groups; Provide alternative treatment options if participants withdraw; and Clarify any costs or compensation, including insurance coverage \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 15)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The goal of these requirements is to protect participants and ensure ethical research practices}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Confidentiality Complications in Group Therapy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{ When psychologists provide services to several persons in a group setting, they describe at the outset the {\bf{roles and responsibilities}} of all parties and the {\bf{limits of confidentiality}}% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Confidentiality Complications in Family Therapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Code 10.02 Therapy Involving Couples or Families}} & {\emph{Includes spouses, significant others, or parents and children}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
First Step: & When psychologists take reasonable steps to clarify at the outset: (1)  Which of the individuals are clients/patients, and; (2)  The relationship the psychologist will have with each person {\emph{(e.g., services provided, info obtained, limits of confidentiality)}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 13)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Multiple Relationships: & If it becomes apparent that psychologists may be called on to perform potentially conflicting roles {\emph{(such as family therapist and then witness for one party in divorce proceedings)}}, psychologists take reasonable steps to clarify and modify, or withdraw from, roles appropriately \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.64 cm} x{5.36 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protocol for Release of Records}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Family Therapy: & All members of the family must sign the release of records. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Divorce Cases: & Whoever has legal custody has to sign, ask to see the custody agreement form to verify. Also consider medical custody \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Treatment of Minors: & Legal guardian consents, 12+ mature and paying own fees, don't have to disclose to the family if {\bf{disclosing harms the minor.}} {\emph{Document/history of why 12+ client could consent and reason why not disclosing to family due to potential harm (e.g., pregnant, transgender, etc.)}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mandated Reporting for Psychologists}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Danger to Others: & {\emph{"Tarasoff" Duty to Protect:}} Applies when a client communicates a serious threat of physical violence against a reasonably identifiable victim to their therapist \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Danger to Self: & Client is in imminent risk of harming themselves (e.g., has a plan, means, and intent) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Child Abuse: & Includes suspicion of physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and neglect \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Child/Elder Abuse: & Includes suspicion of physical, emotional, financial, sexual, or neglect \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tarasoff Law}} & Can be collateral information from a family member \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proper Response to Subpoenas}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Who usually issues a subpoena?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Subpoenas are usually issued by attorneys and may be a subpoena alone (requiring the therapist to appear for questioning) or a subpoena duces tecum (requiring the therapist to appear with the client records).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Can subpoenas be ignored?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px} Subpoenas cannot be ignored.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What are the first actions when receiving a subpoena?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A psychologist should first contact the client, inform the client of the subpoena, and seek the client's permission to release information. If the client grants permission, the psychologist may release the records.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What happens if the client grants permission to release the records?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The psychologist may release the records.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What happens if the client does not grant permission?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The psychologist may first contact the attorney who issued the subpoena, requesting that the subpoena be quashed (nullified or voided).} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What happens if the subpoena is not quashed?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The psychologist must appear at the designated location (courthouse or attorney's office) and bring any requested records.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{What should the psychologist do in court?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The psychologist should then {\bf{assert patient-therapist privilege}}, and neither testify nor turn over the records, unless ordered to do so by the court. } \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Court Ordered Eval vs. Court Ordered Treatment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Court-Appointed Eval:}} & The psychologist is retained by the court \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Who is the client? & The court is the client \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Privilege: & An exception to privilege; in a court-appointed evals, {\bf{privilege does not exist}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Informed Consent: & There is {\bf{no requirement}} that the psychologist get the defendant's consent to participate.  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Confidentiality:} & The defendant has {\bf{no confidentiality rights}} however, the psychologist must explain the nature of the evaluation and the limits of confidentiality to the defendant prior to beginning the evaluation.  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
ROI: & The results of the eval are to be shared with the court, {\bf{no signed RIO is needed}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Court-Ordered Therapy:}} & The client hires the psychologist \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Who is the client? & The client is the client \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Privilege: & The client {\bf{may invoke or assert privilege}} (or have the psychologist do so on the client's behalf)  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Court Ordered Eval vs. Court Ordered Treatment (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Informed Consent: & The psychologist who agrees to treat this client must make sure to clarify the nature of the treatment that has been ordered by the court, as well as the information that the court needs. They  must then discuss this information with the client and {\bf{obtain informed consent.}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Confidentiality:} & The client has confidentiality rights and there is a need for a release \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ROI: & The psychologist must generally{\bf{obtain a signed ROI}} from the client in order to be able to communicate with the court.  At the end of treatment, or periodically throughout treatment, the court requests information from the treating therapist \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Privilege}} is the client's right to keep confidential communications from being disclosed in a legal proceeding}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Internet Searches of Clients by Therapist}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{It's unethical and you shouldn't do it. - Dr. Forman } \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sex with Clients}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Code 10.05- Sexual Intimacies with Current Therapy Patients}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Current Clients: & {\bf{Never}} engage in sex \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Code 10.08 Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/ Patients}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Former Clients: & {\bf{May never}} have sex with a former client unless at least {\bf{two years have passed}} since treatment ended \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{After Two Years:}} & Still, should not enter into sexual relationships with former clients unless the {\emph{"most unusual circumstances"}} exist \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Things to Consider:}} & The burden remains on the psychologists to prove that there has been {\bf{no exploitation,}} especially in light of seven factors: time passed since termination; the nature, intensity, and duration of treatment; circumstances of termination; personal history of the client; the client's current mental status; the likelihood of adverse impact; and sexual statements made during treatment \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 15)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Treating Former Sexual Partners}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Code 10.07 Therapy with Former Sexual Partners}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Psychologists may {\bf{never}} treat previous sexual partners} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Finances}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Waiving co-pays: & We {\bf{can waive co pay if}} it's okay with insurance company or if we reach out to them and ask to waive the co pay {\emph{(means we are willing to work for less money)}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Using collection agencies: & Must be indicated in the {\bf{initial consent forms/practice}} \seqsplit{parameters. Psychologists} first inform the person that such measures will be taken and provide that person an opportunity to make prompt payment. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Changing diagnosis: & We {\bf{can't change diagnosis}} for insurance benefit \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Client Abandonment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{noshy\}\}Client Abandonment: & Should never abandon a client \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Code 3.12 Interruption of Psychological Services}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Includes: & Make plans for {\emph{continuation of care}} in the event of their relocation, illness, death, relocation, or financial limitations \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{"A Professional Will"}} & Refers to the plans made. The Ethics Code qualifies this requirement with the statement "unless otherwise covered by contract"  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Code 10.09 Interruption of Therapy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Includes: & Psychologists should make sure to provide appropriate resolution to their clients continue to receive proper care. The client's well-being should always come first, and efforts should be made for a smooth transition \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Client Abandonment (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Terminating a Client: & Consider safety of client and psychologist \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Code 10.10 Terminating Therapy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
When to Terminate: & When it is reasonably clear that the client no longer needs, is not benefiting from, or is being harmed by treatment; if the client, or someone in a relationship with the client, is threatening or endangering the psychologist \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 12)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Includes: & Should usually be preceded by pretermination counseling (e.g., suggesting alternative treatment providers) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Exceptions for Pretermination Counseling: & Actions of clients make it impossible (e.g., sudden refusal to attend therapy sessions) or when it is prohibited by third-party payors (e.g., managed care companies) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Goals of Supervision}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Growth and development through teaching} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Gatekeeping} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Promoting supervisee growth and development through teaching.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Protecting the welfare of the client.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Monitoring supervisee performance and gatekeeping for the profession.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Empowering the supervisee to self-supervise and carry out the above goals as an independent professional.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Treating Minors (Record Release/ Informed Consent)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Culturally Encapsulated vs. Culturally Humble}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Cultural Encapsulation:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Cultural Humility:} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Cultural Competence:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}