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\author{nadia (fatbuttluver)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (apbiochap7-osmosis-water-potential-etc.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nadia (fatbuttluver))
  /Subject (APBioChap7 Osmosis, Water Potential, etc. Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{APBioChap7 Osmosis, Water Potential, etc. Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nadia (fatbuttluver)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122569/cs/22832/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nadia (fatbuttluver) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/fatbuttluver} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 15th May, 2020.\\
   Updated 15th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Formulas}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Calculating Water Potential}} & Ψ = Ψ\textasciicircum{}s\textasciicircum{} + Ψ\textasciicircum{}p\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Calculating Solute Potential}} & Ψ\textasciicircum{}s\textasciicircum{} = -iRCT \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key}} \{\{ac\}\} \{\{bt\}\}} \tn 
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{\bf{Ψ\textasciicircum{}s\textasciicircum{}}} \{\{ac\}\} & Solute Potential \tn 
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{\bf{Ψ\textasciicircum{}p\textasciicircum{}}} \{\{ac\}\} & Pressure Potential \tn 
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{\bf{i}} \{\{ac\}\} & The \# of particles the molecule will make in water \tn 
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{\bf{C}} \{\{ac\}\} & Molar Conentration (from experimental data) \tn 
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{\bf{R}} \{\{ac\}\} & Pressure Constant = 0.0831 liter bar/mole K \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
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{\bf{T}} \{\{ac\}\} & Temperature in degrees Kelvin = 273 + C° of solution \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Membrane Structure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/fatbuttluver_1589558315_Screen Shot 2020-05-15 at 11.57.20 AM.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Principal components:}}  \newline \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\}Lipids ({\emph{phospholipids, cholesterol}}), proteins, carbohydrate groups. \newline  \newline {\bf{Phospholipids}}  \newline \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\}Made of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate-linked head group. \newline →A phospholipid bilayer involves two layers of phospholipids with their tails pointing inward \newline  \newline {\bf{Cholesterol}}  \newline \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\}Lipid composed of four fused carbon rings \newline →Found alongside phospholipids in the core of the membrane.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Primary Active Transport}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Directly uses a source of chemical energy (e.g., ATP) to move molecules across a membrane against their gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Secondary Active Transport}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Uses an electrochemical gradient – generated by active transport – as an energy source to move molecules against their gradient \{\{nl\}\} →Does not directly require a chemical source of energy such as ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Sodium-Potassium Pump Cycle}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Moves Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} out of cells and K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} into them \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Electrogenic pump \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} 1. The pump is open to the inside of the cell and binds/takes up 3 Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} 2. Once the Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions bind, the pump is triggered to hydrolize ATP. One P-group is attached to the pump, and then phosphorylated. ADP is released as a by-product. \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} 3. Phosphorylation causes the pump to change form so that it then faces the exterior of the cell. Like this, the pump no longer has an affinity for  Na\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions, and 3 are released.  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} 4. Facing this direction, the pump now has an affinity for K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions. It binds 2 of them which triggers the release of the P-group attached to the pump. \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} 5. With the P-group gone, the cell once again changes form and then faces towards the interior of the cell. \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} 6. The pump is now back to step 1, and the cycle repeats.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 22)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active Transport (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The sodium-potassium pump acts primarily by building up a high concentration of potassium ions inside the cell, which makes potassium's concentration gradient very steep. The gradient is steep enough that potassium ions will move out of the cell (via channels), despite a growing negative charge on the interior. This process continues until the voltage across the membrane is large enough to counterbalance potassium's concentration gradient. At this balance point, the inside of the membrane is negative relative to the outside. This voltage will be maintained as long as K\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}concentration in the cell stays high} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Apoptosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Apoptosis}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{may be engulfed when no longer needed} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cells with genetic damage are replaced} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{defense against infection} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{signals trigger caspases to carry out apoptosis} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypotonic vs Isotonic vs Hypertonic}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/fatbuttluver_1589559735_Screen Shot 2020-05-15 at 12.21.49 PM.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Isotonic solution:}} Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane \newline  \newline {\bf{Hypertonic solution:}} Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water  \newline  \newline {\bf{Hypotonic solution:}} Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water \newline  \newline Cells without cell walls will shrivel in hypertonic solution and lyse (burst) in a hypotonic solution}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phospholipid}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/fatbuttluver_1589558773_352079e6dc783dce573875198fcb364180b01331.png}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phospholipids are {\bf{ampipathic}} because of their hydrophilic, polar heads and hydrophobic, nonpolar tails.  \newline  \newline The hydrophilic {\bf{heads of phospholipids in a membrane bilayer face outward}}, contacting the watery fluid both inside and outside the cell. Since water is a polar molecule, it readily forms electrostatic interactions with the phospholipid heads. \newline  \newline Phospholipids tuck their fatty acid tails away in the interior of the membrane, where they are shielded from the surrounding water.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Selective Permeability}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} The hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane helps some materials move through the membrane, while it blocks the movement of others} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Polar molecules can easily interact with the outer face of the membrane, where the negatively charged head groups are found, but they have difficulty passing through its hydrophobic core} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} While small ions are the right size to slip through the membrane, their charge prevents them from doing so. Instead, they must be transported by special proteins.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Larger charged and polar molecules, like sugars and amino acids, also need help from proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Nucleolus}} & where rRNA \& ribosomes are synthesized \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Ribosomes}} & protein factories \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Endomembrane System}} & regulates protein traffic+metabolic functions \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Nucleus}} & holds chromatin, surrounded by nuclear envelope \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ER}} & Rough: makes proteins Smooth: synthesizes lipids, stores Ca++, detoxifies drugs/poisons \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Golgi Apparatus}} & processes, packages, \& secretes substances \tn 
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% Row 6
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{\bf{Lysosomes}} & intracellular digestion \tn 
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% Row 7
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{\bf{Mitochondria}} & powerhouse of the cell \tn 
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% Row 8
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{\bf{Vacuoles}} & storage \& pumping out water \tn 
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{\bf{Chloroplast}} & absorbs light \& synthesize sugar \tn 
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{\bf{Cytoskeleton}} & maintains cell shape, flow, positioning \tn 
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{\bf{Centrioles\{\{nl\}\} Centrosomes MTOCs}} & organize spindle fibers (cell division) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Cell Wall}} & protects, maintains shape, regulates water intake \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Peroxisomes}} & break down fatty acids to be used for forming membranes and as fuel for respiration, transfer hydrogen from compounds to oxygen to create hydrogen peroxide and then convert hydrogen peroxide into water \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis \& Tonicity}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Osmosis}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, tending to equalise the concentrations of the water. \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Tonicity}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis is know as its tonicity. \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} A solution's tonicity is related to its osmolarity, which is the total concentration of all solutes in the solution.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Transport}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Diffusion}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} A substance moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout a space} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Facilitated Diffusion}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\}A concentration gradient exists for these molecules, so they have the potential to diffuse into (or out of) the cell by moving down it. However, because they are charged or polar, they can't cross the phospholipid part of the membrane without help. Facilitated transport proteins shield these molecules from the hydrophobic core of the membrane, providing a route by which they can cross.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 12)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Channels}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Channel proteins span the membrane and make hydrophilic tunnels across it, allowing their target molecules to pass through by diffusion \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Very selective and will accept only one type of molecule  for transport \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} {\emph{Aquaporins}} are channel proteins that allow water to cross the membrane very quickly, and they play important roles in plant cells, red blood cells, and certain parts of the kidney\{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Play an important role in electrical transmission along membranes (in nerve cells) and in muscle contraction (in muscle cells)} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 13)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passive Transport (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Carrier Proteins}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Change their shape to move a target molecule from one side of the membrane to the other \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\} Will change shape in response to binding of their target molecule, with the shape change moving the molecule to the opposite side of the membrane \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-chevron-circle-right\}\}Provide hydrophilic molecules with a way to move down an existing concentration gradient (rather than acting as pumps)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Cell Communication}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Quorum Sensing}} & monitors bacteria population density \& controls gene expression \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Autocrine Signals}} & produced \& used by same cell \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Juxtacrine Signals}} & physically touching cells (gap junctions, plasmodesmata) \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Paracrine Signals}} & adjacent (not touching) cells (synapses, growth factors) \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Endocrine Signals}} & for all tissues, long distance (hormones) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.58804 cm} x{2.38896 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryote vs Eukaryote}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Prokaryotes}} \{\{ac\}\} & {\bf{Eukaryotes}} \{\{ac\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
no internal \seqsplit{membranes/organelles} & membrane-bound organelles \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
circular DNA & DNA forms chromosomes \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
smaller ribosomes & larger ribosomes \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
anaerobic or aerobic metabolism & aerobic metabolism \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
no cytoskeleton present & cytoskeleton present \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mainly unicellular & mainly multicellular \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
small & large \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}