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  /Title (women-s-political-representation-in-ireland.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (Women's Political Representation in Ireland Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Women's Political Representation in Ireland Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{faminconnue (faminconnue)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178871/cs/45136/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}faminconnue (faminconnue) \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th November, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Facts \& Figures}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Ireland is ranked 104th out of 183 in the IPU rankings} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- 22nd place amongst the 27 EU member states} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Only 36 of 155 seats (23,2\%) in the Dáil are held by women} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-  Ireland has had two women Presidents (heads of state) Mary Robinson (1990 – 1997); Mary McAeese (1997 - 2004; 2004 – 2011)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Of the 214 people who have served in cabinet in Ireland, only 22 (10.3\%) have been women} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Ireland falls behind the world average of 26.9\% and the EU median of 31.9\%} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- In 11 of the 39 constituencies there are no women TDs} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Terms}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dáil Éireann}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
= the lower house of the Irish parliament, where members are elected by proportional representation, and it plays a key role in passing legislation. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- It meets in Leinster House, Dublin. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- There are 160 members known as TDs. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- It is responsible for electing the Taoiseach (Prime Minister). \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- Dáil Éireann holds the government accountable through parliamentary questions and debates. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
{\bf{Seanad}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
= the upper house of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, consisting of 60 members appointed through various nomination processes. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
- Members of the Seanad are not elected by the general public but are chosen through different panels representing various sectors like culture and education. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
- The Taoiseach nominates 11 senators, while graduates of certain universities, agricultural organizations, and the Irish language community elect their own representatives. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 4)
- Senators in the Seanad can propose legislation, scrutinize and amend bills passed by the lower house, but do not have the power to veto bills. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
- The Seanad plays a role in representing specific interests and expertise, providing a forum for in-depth discussions compared to the lower house.% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical context}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Women in ireland have faced legal and social challenges, with significant milestones including the right to vote in 1918 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- The introduction of the Contraceptive Legislation in 1980 paved the way for increased reproductive rights for women. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
- The Marriage Act of 1870 was a key legal reform granting women certain property rights within marriage. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
- In 1974, the Employment Equality Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of gender in employment. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
- in the 1970's women began mobilising for chance → was supported by Mary Robison's presidential campaign; many parties for the first time took women's candidacy seriously, however this change was short lived. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 5)
- The 1916 Proclamation of Independence called for equal "citizenship, equal rights and equal opportunities" and Hannah Sheehy Skeffington observed that it was "the first time in history that men, fighting for freedom, voluntarily included women".     \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 6)
    → However, the social conservative, patriarchal, authoritarian and clerical culture of the new state saw women side-lined.     \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 3)
    and so in 1937 a constitution was introduced:     \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
    - 41.2.1: In particular the State recognises that by her life within the home, women gives to the State a support which the common good cannot be achieved \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical context (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{    - 41.2.2: The State shall, therefore, endeavour to ensure that mothers shall not be obliged by economic necessity to engage in labour to the neglect of their duties in the home \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
    → 2 views on the 1937 constitutions:     \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
    - government should never interfere with what happened in the home \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
    - it gave recognition to the labour/role of women \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
{\bf{role of Catholicism}}: the reassertion of male dominance in public, economic, and social life was a world-view shaped by Catholicism.  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
→ leading to postindependence Ireland being described as a 'confessional state: Their shared vision of \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
Ireland as a rural, traditional and Catholic nation (during the nationalist revolution.  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
→ the position of the catholic hierarchy was further enforced through the unchallenged control of its educational system \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
→ This interlacing of two powerful conservative forces left a gendered mark on the early years of the State that persisted throughout the twentieth century. → motherhood was enforced beyond the wishes of women% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gender Quota's in Ireland}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In Ireland, legislative gender quotas require that political parties nominate 30\% women candidates for general elections. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- Passed in 2012 to address gender imbalance in Parliament. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- Quotas apply to parties running at least 30 candidates. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- Parties face financial penalties for not meeting quotas. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- Aims to increase representation of women in politics. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
{\bf{impact}}:  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- 90 per cent increase women candidates \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- 48 per cent increase in number of women TDs \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- At the 2020 general election, 22.5 per cent women's representation in Dáil Éireann     \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
    →  A record high but far away from gender parity% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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% That's all folks
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