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% Document Info
\author{faminconnue (faminconnue)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (research-design.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (Research Design Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Research Design Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{faminconnue (faminconnue)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178871/cs/38737/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}faminconnue (faminconnue) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/faminconnue} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 23rd May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{purposes of emprirical research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. exploration: first orientation on new research topic  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
2. description: describe observations \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
3. explanation: find out why these observations occur% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{objects of study}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{who (or what) is social research about?}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- individuals \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- groups (e.g. families) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- organizations (e.g. faculties, student associations) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- social interactions \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- social artifacts% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cross sectional + longitudinal research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{cross-sectional research}}: study based on observations representing a single point in time, a cross-section of a population \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
→ make the most conditional claims for causal explantion, while still able to corroborate/falsify hypotheses \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
{\emph{longitudinal}}: a study design involving the collection of data at different points in time \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
→ repeated cross-sectional with different people: trend studies  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
→ repeated with the same set of people; panel studies% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{compare means}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Explanatory research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Explanatory research implies causal relationships between concepts \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
explanations can be: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- idiographic: complete picture of all causes for observations, using all relevant factors \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- nomothetic: general understanding of a class of phenomena, using a small number of relevant causal factors \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
→ the latter contain the hardest criteria for causality \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
{\bf{types of explanatory results}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- crosstabs and compare means \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- correlation \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- regression% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{criteria nomothetic causality: \newline - a statistical correlation: changes in one characteristic are associated with changes in the other \newline - time order: the cause takes place before the effect \newline - nonspuriousness \newline → Spurious relationship: a coincidental statistical correlation between two variables is caused by a \newline third variable}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{regression}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{= the most popular explanatory statistic \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
there are different types of regression, but the most common is {\emph{linear}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
it is both a {\emph{biveriate}} and a {\emph{multivariate}}   \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
analysis% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{bivariate: used when the data set contains two variables and researchers aim to undertake comparisons between the two data set  \newline }}multivariate: used when there are more than two variables in the data set.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Design}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{research designs make the strongest claims for causal exlanation. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\emph{time}} is a relevant dimension \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
the empiricle cycle consists of the following steps:   \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
1.{\bf{ problem}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
 - research problem: what do you want to know?  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- purpose: why do you want to know? \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
2. {\bf{theory}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- what's already known based on previous research?  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- which concepts are relevant to fix the problem? \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
3. {\bf{hypotheses}}: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
 - concrete expectations based on theory \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- deduction: form general theory to testable hypotheses  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
4. {\bf{data}}: how are you going to fix the problem? \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
- by whom: subjects of study \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
- when and where? \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
- how: choice of method data collection and operationalization?  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
5. {\bf{data collection}}: observations \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
6. {\bf{data processing and analyses}} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
7. {\bf{report results}}: answer research question and connect to theory (induction)% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{correlation}}  \tn
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}