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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Representation of Women and Theories Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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   Updated 28th November, 2024.\\
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theories}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{–  Descriptive (Hannah Pitkin, Jane Mansbridge) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
– Substantive: Politics of presence (Anne Phillips) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
– Critical Mass: (Moss Kanter, Drude Dahlerup) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
– Critical Actors \& Acts: (Sarah Childs, Mona Lena Krook) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
– Feminist Democratic Representation (Karen Celis, Sarah Childs)% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Feminist Democratic Representation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{emphasizes gender equality and empowerment in political decision-making processes to ensure fair and inclusive governance. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- It challenges traditional power structures that marginalize women in political leadership roles. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- Advocates for policies promoting women's rights and gender equity within institutions. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- Seeks to increase women's representation in government through mechanisms like quotas or affirmative action. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
- Aims to create a more diverse and inclusive political landscape reflective of the population.% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Critical Mass}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{refers to the minimum amount of something needed to initiate a reaction or bring about significant change \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- can be used to describe a threshold required to achieve a specific outcome or trigger a particular event \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
- in social movements, reaching critical mass signifies momentum and potential for widespread impact \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
- the concept is often employed in discussions about nuclear reactions or population dynamics \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- reaching critical mass can lead to a cascade effect, where rapid and widespread change occurs due to a tipping point \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
- critical mass is important \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
    - to justify women in politics \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
    - explain why small numbers of women in politics have limited impact on policymaking \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
    - crucial tool for gender quotas campaigners as it succinctly illustrates the need for quotas as a 'fast-track' measure to increase women's political representation% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Representation in Feminist Scholarship}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{representation is multi-dimensional; has 4 distinct aspects \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
 - formalistic: focuses on how the relationship between the representative and the represented is established \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
 - symbolic representation: what does a politics with or without women symbolise about that country; it values and belief systems; laws; the legitimacy of the political process \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
 - {\bf{descriptive representation:}} The number or proportion of women in parliament – the extent to which parliament resembles society. Who do representatives stand for?         \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
        → promotes democracy, democratic values and citizen's political involvement         \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
        → used by scholars of identity politics, women in politics, multiculturalism and minority         \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
- {\bf{substantive representation:}} Assesses if women, when elected, act for women? \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
        - focuses on how well elected representatives advance the interests and needs of the groups they represent → 'who do they act for?' \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
        - involves representing the interests and perspectives of marginalised groups effectively \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
        - quality of representation is assessed based on tangible policies and actions that address the concerns of constituents \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
        - substantive representation aims to ensure fair and equitable decision making processes \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Representation in Feminist Scholarship (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the relationship between descriptive and substantive is the 'critical mass' concept hypothesis     \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
→ once women reach a particular proportion of parliament, they are able to exert a 'real' influence on decisions% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Critical Acts}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{= an alternative approach to 'critical mass' \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-\textgreater{} focused not on when women make a difference, but on how the substantive representation of women occurs; not on what women do, but on specific actors do \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
- Critical actors as legislators who initiate policy proposals on their own and/or embolden others to take steps to promote policies for women, regardless of the numbers of female representatives \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
- critical acts = acts that improve the lives of women \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- we must always consider how the following shape opportunities for representation: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
    - institutional \seqsplit{constraints/opportunities} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
    - party ideology and affiliation \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
    - legislators' identities and interests% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Importance of Women in Political Office}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- the presence of women in political office is {\emph{normatively desirable}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- women's presence in political leadership may act to {\emph{sever}} the strong {\emph{association between masculinity and political leadership}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- women's presence {\emph{reduces partisan hostility}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- women's presence in political office in one country may have a {\emph{contagion}} or {\emph{diffusion effect on women's participation}} in public life in other nations \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
- women in political office, in particular cabinet, {\emph{influence policy outcomes}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- Phillips (1998): identified four arguments to support women's political representation \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
    1. women politicians act as role models for aspiring women candidates \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
    2. women should be equally represented for justice reasons as they compose 50 percent of most populations \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
    3. women's interests are inadequately addressed in a politics dominated by men \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
    4. women's political representation revitalises democracy% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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