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% Document Info
\author{faminconnue (faminconnue)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (leibniz.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (Leibniz Cheat Sheet)
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Leibniz Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{faminconnue (faminconnue)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178871/cs/37657/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}faminconnue (faminconnue) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/faminconnue} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 19th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interests}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Leibniz was interested in both ancient and modern concerns: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- renaissance philosophy: mainly Plato on knowledge, the Aristotelian causes, orthodox Christianity and scholastics \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- modern research: Huygens corpuscular-mechanical natural philosophy, and Malebrance's occasionalism% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{He is most often compared/applied to Descartes and Spinoza}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The "Why?"}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The "why" are questions such as: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- why is there something and nothing?  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- why does God allow for evil? \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- why do I do things?  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\emph{everything that {\bf{is}} can answer to the question of "why?"}}  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Leibniz held onto {\bf{principle of sufficient reason}} which states that everything must have a reason or cause  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} this cause are the Aristotelian causes \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
-\textgreater{} "nothing happens without reason" \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
the existence of something can be explained through the {\emph{Aristotelian causes}}:  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
- material cause (wood) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- formal cause (design) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
- efficient cause; a mechanism (carpentry) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
- final cause; function (dining) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
{\emph{example: a table}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
the "why?"is the efficient cause: that which causes another thing to happen% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{final causes}}  \newline teach us to search for efficient causes and these causes have to come together in the end.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Qualities of God}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{God is: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- perfection \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
    -\textgreater{}  what exists in the highest measure: knowledge, power, morality \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
    -\textgreater{} is not: number and extension (contradiction), nor is something perfect simply because it exists (Anselmus) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
-  beneficent \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- all-powerful and good: he sustains everything that should be (Descartes) -\textgreater{} god has the highest sense \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
- omniscient: sees from every perspective \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- creator of the best of all possible worlds, and the reason of all existence% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{He claims that God always has the option not to create the world; and, when God decides to go ahead with the project, he faces a choice among an infinite number of possible world}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Empiricism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{according to Leibniz: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- we gain as a {\emph{tabula rasa}}: an individual born as a black slate (as did Aristotle, Avicenna, Aquinas, Locke)  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- empirical natural philosophy is not wrong per se, but incomplete \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
empiricism is all about mechanism and extension  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Leibniz keeps asking "why does that happen if it could be different?"% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evil}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{why is there evil?}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
according to Leibniz, non-God substances have a limited perspective, and evil exists only from our perspective \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
It is this limitation that causes evil, as God chooses the best being to come to be, and only the highest beings have freedom. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} this highest being is the most similar to God, both in perspective and reflection on perspective \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
basically, evil is our own fault% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nature}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{according to Leibniz, miracles and coincidences depart from the general will, and they only exist from our limited perspective \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
He states that we have a limited perspective on things, if we could see every perspective then we would come to see that there are no miracles and coincidences but due to the limited perspective we perceive them as such \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
-\textgreater{} which is why we believe in miracles and coincidences \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
But, everything is in order, everything has its reasons, God choose the most perfect order and so no miracles or coincidences exist   \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} if there were miracles and things that do not fit in our world then our world would not be able to exist% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Substance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{= something that does not rely on something else for its understanding \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-\textgreater{} contains everything that occurs to it is harmonious with but does not interact with other substances \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
{\emph{"{[}W{]}hen several predicates are attributed to the same subject, and this subject is not attributed to any other, it is called an individual substance."}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
qualities: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- indivisible: they can only be created or destroyed (by God) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- are completely certain \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- are unaffected by other substances \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- they seem to relate \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
- occasionalism: substances are no efficient causes of each other (God determines substances to be in harmony) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} when harmony substances are: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
- omniscient (everything is contained in them) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
- all-powerful (they help determine every limited substance) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
- similar to God% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Free will and Necessity}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Necessity}} means that something is either a contradiction or a rational possibility \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
God determines the actuality of possibility by choosing the best option and thereby determines who will freely choose in the best way \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} so freewill as providence (guided by God)  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
God created you and knew what you were going to do, and you still did it, so it is still your responsibility, God did not make you do something, but just knew \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
-\textgreater{} we can still be blameworthy for our actions% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}