\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{faminconnue (faminconnue)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (hume.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (Hume Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{8F3B3B}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F8F2F2}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Hume Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{faminconnue (faminconnue)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178871/cs/37717/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}faminconnue (faminconnue) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/faminconnue} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 20th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Background Info}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hume was grasped by "a new scene of thought". \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
He was influenced by empiricism, especially in the thought that there are no innate ideas or externals structures and no necessary ethics \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
He wrote two works concerning human nature: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
1. {\emph{A Treatise of Human Nature, Being an Attempt to introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral subjects (1739)}}  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} goal: become the Newton of the human sciences, to use the experimental method of the natural science to investigate human beings \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
2. {\emph{Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1758)}}  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
-\textgreater{}  goal: instead of justifying knowledge (Descartes), he wants to investigate the nature and boundaries of human knowledge, to save us from the false claims of metaphysics and theology% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hume is most of the time applied to and compared to Descartes and Kant}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causality}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{causality is useful for expanding our knowledge of the external world and concerns matter of fact, and we learn causality through experience  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
However, since matters of facts are contingent causality could still be different; we can't see causality, only events  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
{\emph{(i.e. just because the sun rose today and yesterday, does not guarantee it will rise tomorrow; cause does not guarantee effect)}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Requirements for causality: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
1.spatial contiguity \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
2.temporal contiguity \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
3. causation \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
4.similarity \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
→ we only see the 1 and 2 \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
{\emph{example: billard balls A and B}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
{\emph{1. A touches B}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
{\emph{2. changes in A happen simultaneously with B}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
{\emph{3. a necessarily caused the movement B}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
{\emph{4. this is how billiard balls move}}% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{* our knowledge can be expanded through: \newline - hearsay"Japan exists" \newline - connecting events: "there were people here" \newline - identifying universalia: "water drowns us" \newline - experience: "i saw an apple because of the apple"}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political nature}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{According to Hume, there are two types of philosophers: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{1. philosophers of action:}}  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
       - they participate in life  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
       - sentiment/mode of expression is important: they are more focused on style (rather than content) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
       - strive to promote the notion of virtue \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
       - were well-liked by the public \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
       - not so concerned with argumentation \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
-\textgreater{} {\emph{ancient example: stoicists}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
{\bf{2. philosophers of reason:}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- concerned with gaining an understanding of the human being, rather than cultivating the human being.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
      - try to find a foundation of knowledge in principles \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
      - claim that abstract principles are unrelated to actual life \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
      - lends itself to enduring error because willing to accept strange and unpopular ideas  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
→ {\emph{ancient example: Socrates}}% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Investegation of Human Understanding}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Humes investigation starts with perceptions, these perceptions are divided into two main categories: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
1. impressions: are direct experiences of the world or reflections of ourselves \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
2. ideas: are derived from impressions \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
-\textgreater{} Simple ideas come directly from simple impressions  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
-\textgreater{}Complex ideas can be formed erroneously; complex ideas can be formed by simple ideas (e.g. a pegasus comes from the idea of a horse and wings) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
{\emph{both ideas and impressions can either be simple or complex:}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
{\emph{simple idea: e.g. the colour red}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
{\emph{complex idea: e.g. an apple}}% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Uniformity of Nature}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Uniformity of Nature entails that "things stay the same" and is required for induction, natural laws, and inductive empirical knowledge (aka any kind of causality) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
But, Hume claims, uniformity of nature is a matter of fact which is contingent; so saying that things have been uniform in the past is circular  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
He argues that causality* is not in the world (as far as we know), but in us (custom and habit)  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Hence, empirical knowledge are just expectations that allow us to live  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
the relationship between problematizing causality and the two types of philosophers: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Recent philosophy/philosophers cannot get us anywhere and there are things that we cannot gain knowledge about (causality)% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{* with the PUN Hume tries to safe causality; If causal reasoning is a reliable way to reach truths in the world, then the principle of the uniformity of nature must be true, if not then causal reasoning cannot be true}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Depence of reason on action}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{According to Hume, man has a craving for knowledge/science.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
But, science is limited, and alone always leads to unhappiness \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Hence, we need a better understanding of the human being, as it will allow us to have a better appeal to virtue \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} we can gain this understanding through anatomy and painting \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
A better understanding will eventually save us from our tendency to do metaphysics% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Moral philosophy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{= the study of the human \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
it studies the human being's capacity to study and focuses on understanding requirements, rather than debating positions% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{scepticism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{According to Hume, dogma (fixed beliefs) brings suffering, as it fixates us on things that are wrong or makes us spend time and worries on topics that are outside of our capacities. (also known as problem of induction)  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
-\textgreater{} thus we should be sceptical \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
He was influenced in his scepticism by Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
-\textgreater{} we can only reach a state of ataraxia by suspending our judgement \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
-\textgreater{} while we are skeptic practical life and subjectivism remains: we can know about the human mind through research, we can find out what it means for us to know (partial scepticism)% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Descartes argued that the requirement for being sceptical was thinking.  \newline Hume, however, does not agree, as according to him the mind is not a substance but a bundle of properties}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Propositions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hume introduces two types of propositions:  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- {\emph{propositions concerning relations of ideas}} which are necessary but don't teach us anything about the world and can be either true or false \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
e.g. 1+1=2, a bachelor is unmarried, the ball is round \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- {\emph{propositions concerning matters of fact}} which are not necessary but teach us something about the world \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
e.g. it's raining today, the apple is red \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
3 principles of association of ideas \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
1. resemblance \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
2. contiguity of time and place \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
3. causation \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
-\textgreater{} causation is the strongest as it establishes links between our present and past experiences and our expectations about the future% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Results}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hume claimed that from his research a few results followed: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- external world is no proper topic for science \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- internal mind is a proper topic for science \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- knowing the mind is being able to work the mind \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- knowing the mind is limiting the mind for its own good% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}