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  /Title (gendered-institutions.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (Gendered Institutions Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Gendered Institutions Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{faminconnue (faminconnue)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178871/cs/45148/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 1st December, 2024.\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gender as a category of analysis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gender can be understood as a {\bf{category}} with four analytical dimensions (DuerstLahti and Kelly, 1995: 41) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
1. {\bf{Variable}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
     For example, female, male, feminine, masculine, femininity, masculinity, \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
gender fluid; non-binary; gender neutral \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
2. Gender can be the {\bf{property}} of an individual or organisation \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
3. {\bf{Set of practices}} revealing gender in interactive behaviour, for example, \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
masculinity \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
4. A {\bf{normative stance regarding appropriate behaviour}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
Gender can be understood as a {\bf{process}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
-\textgreater{} Practices and rules {[}can{]} recast the gendered nature of the political (Beckwith, 2005:: 132-133). \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
Gender can be understood as a {\bf{performance}} (Butler) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
-\textgreater{} it is something we 'do' \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
-\textgreater{} "The performative aspects of gender identity are lived by individuals in relation to the web of social practices in which they are enmeshed" (McNay 2000: 36). \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
-\textgreater{} Gendered logic of appropriate behaviour (March and Olsen; Chappell)% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Challenging Gender Norms}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(Nirmal Puwar 2004) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
◦ Disorientation \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
◦ Amplification of numbers \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
◦ Super surveillance \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
◦ Burden of doubt \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
◦ Burden of representation \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
◦ Infantilisation \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
◦ Performative norms \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
◦ A fine balanced fusion of femininity and \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
masculinity has to be enacted% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Formal vs. Informal Rules}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Formal Rules - Rules of the Game: formal laws, rules and regulations \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- Informal Rules - Rules in Use: the 'dos and don'ts' that one learns on the ground \seqsplit{prohibits/permits/sanctions/enforces/incentivises/disincentivises'} the way things are done around here'. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
-\textgreater{} Can result in change, durability, robustness, resistance to change, and continuity, thus organisations are dynamic and it is best to view them as processes rather than static objects.% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rule-makers vs Rule-Takers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Any set of rules are actively interpreted by rule-takers in such a \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
way that the rules themselves become subtly altered overtime. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- Existing rules (rules in use) become the context within which \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
future rule-making takes place \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- Rule-makers are also rule-takers, while rule-takers themselves \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
play a role in rule-making \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- Individuals and institutions are mutually constitutive. Change is \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
dependent upon the relationship between 'institutional architects, \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
institutional subjects and institutional environments'.% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Importance of this Study}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Louise Chappell (2010: 183):- \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1. Such studies provide the basis for a deeper understanding of the roles and experiences of men and women within political institutions \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
2. Studies of this nature contribute to an understanding of the policies, laws and norms that are the outcomes of political institutions \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
3. Such studies assist in explaining the \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
relationship between political institutions and social actors% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Masculinism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{operates inside political institutions giving men and masculinity a privileged position in interpersonal, institutional and societal structures.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
"The idealised separation of state and \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
society parallels a division of labour that renders the contribution of women invisible" (Lovenduski, 1998) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} the division between public and private% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gender Power}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gender is a power construct, and male gender power permeates politics, shaping its rules of access and engagement, as well a the outputs of the policy process.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Gender Power generates and sustains practices of inequality that advantage men and disadvantage women. Embedded in organisational rules, \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
routines, and policies, gender power normalises male dominance and renders women, along with their needs and interests, invisible ( Mary Hawkesworth)% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Feminist Institutionalism (FI)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{critiques and seeks to overcome the gender blindness of existing scholarship in the field, to include women as actors in political processes, to 'gender'  onstitutionalism, and to move the research agenda towards questions about the interplay between gender and the operation and effect of political institutions (Mackay, Kenny and Chappell, 2010).% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Old vs New Institutions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{'Old' and 'New' Institutions frequently co-exist -\textgreater{} can result in processes of conversion and layering: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- An old institution can be converted by the new institution \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- old and new institutions will co-exist and the new norms of behaviour developed in response to the new institution will be layered into \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
existing behaviours \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Old is not necessarily informal and new is not necessarily formal  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Old and Formal -\textgreater{} e.g. electoral system \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
New and Formal -\textgreater{} e.g. gender quota  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Old and Informal -\textgreater{} e.g. candidate selection practices  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
New and Informal -\textgreater{} processes to undermine the effectiveness of gender quota's \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Rather than old/new, we should consider the temporal aspects of institutional dynamics: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
- Sequencing: the order things happen \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
- Timining: the point something happens within a sequence \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
- Pace: how quickly things happen% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gender and Institutions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gendered institutions describes those organisations where "gender is present in the processes, practices, images and ideologies, and distribution of power in the various sectors of social life" (Acker, 1990: 567)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Duerst-Lahti (2005) observes that organisations become gendered due to: associations between gender and an organisation's function; and the 'socio-demographics' of those 'who founded, populated and developed them overtime'} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Duerst-Lahti (2005) argues that in the process of organisational foundation and development, institutions create formal and informal structures, rules, norms and practices in reponse to the "prefences" of their founders and most influential incumbents throughout their histories. -\textgreater{} these incumbents set the terms of power relations according to those preferences; these preferences inevitably adventage those who are in a position to set them because people prefer that which is comfertavle and favourable for them} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Duerst-Lahti (2005) observes that because men established political institutions, masculine frames of preference and 'domination' are embedded in, and associated with, politics} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Jillson and Wilson (1994) observe that political institutions remain "remarkably sticky" to their past.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Escobar-Lemmon and Taylor Robinson (2009) observe that "gendered political institutions have traditionally placed women in a subservient position…The practices and routines of an institution, be it a legislature or a cabinet, may sustain or even produce gendered stereotypes"} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inside vs Outside institutions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There is a pressuposition that there is a distinction between the inside and the outside of a political institution.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
-\textgreater{} as there is a need to differentiate between organisations and institutions: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- institutions: rules of the game \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- organisations: individuals who occupy the institution -\textgreater{} the players within that game \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
political institutions do not operate in a vacuum -\textgreater{}  Innovation can then be bounded; sometimes it can reproduce or re-inscribe gendered expectations \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
There is no clear inside/outside; there is an intersection of between the inside and outside.% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Feminism and Politics}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Feminist claims are made on the basis of (1) equality and (2) difference (Lovenduski, 2005)  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
In relation to politics this refers to: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
◦ Equality: equality based claims stress women's entitlements to be in politics on the same terms and in the same numbers as men ('liberal' feminism) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
◦ Difference: difference-based claims (sometimes termed 'socialist' feminism) imply that women have particular characteristics or interests that entitle \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
them to representation \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
there is a tension between the two positions -\textgreater{} "the equality \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
position suggests that women's claims for political representation will, if successful, turn them into political men. By contrast, the difference position implies that, in sufficient numbers, the presence of women representatives will change the practice and nature of politics" \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 6)
{\bf{"Equality is needed if difference is to be compensated and difference must be recognised if equality is to be achieved"}}% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
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