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\author{faminconnue (faminconnue)}
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  /Title (examples-of-empirical-research-and-ethics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (examples of empirical research and ethics Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{examples of empirical research and ethics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{faminconnue (faminconnue)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178871/cs/38718/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}faminconnue (faminconnue) \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 15th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Paradigms and Theory}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{social research is always based on underlying {\emph{assumption}} (= paradigms) about the nature of social reality \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
→ paradigms cannot be true or false, but are more or less useful \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
→ paradigms guide social theories and social research \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
→ in a way, paradigms are second-order (more abstract) theories \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
{\emph{theories}}: logical explanations of social reality and help answer the 'why' question \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
social research does not necessarily assume that there is an objective, social reality out there \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
→ subjectivity is individual; it concerns individual experiences \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
→ objectivity is social; people look for common ground in their subjective experiences - it is a matter of agreement expressed in shared paradigms and theories% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{When critically assessing the outcome of social research we need to look for the underlying paradigm}}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Considerations}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{political vs. ethical considerations:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- ethical considerations: deal mostly with the methods employed and the execution of the research \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- political considerations: deal mostly with the topics, contents and use of the research and the research findings \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
{\bf{social research inevitably:}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- has a political dimension (results can be used for political purposes) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- Is always informed by ideology via the underlying paradigm (for instance the conflict paradigm) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- Should be intersubjective to prevent personal biases to influence the research% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypotheses}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The importance of hypotheses concern bridging the gap from paradigm to theory.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
 → a hypotheses can do this by, i.e.  formulating testable expectations about empirical reality \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
a hypotheses can be formed inductively or seductively.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Testing hypotheses supposes operationalisation of the main concepts, which means that the concepts should be made observable in concrete and specific measures appropriate for the population and circumstances of the study% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Deduction \& Induction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{deduction}} and {\emph{induction}} concerns the place or function of theory, and the type of theoretical reasoning in social research  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- the traditional model of science is {\bf{deductive}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
→ theory from which a hypothesis is derived \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
→ operationalization to enable the observation of variables  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
→ observation is the actual measurement of variables \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
→ {\emph{reasons from general to specific}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- {\emph{induction}} reasons from specific to general \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
deduction and induction is not a matter of "either or"% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{when critically assessing the (outcomes of) social research we need look at the soundness of the underlying inductive or deductive reasoning}}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ethical Consideration}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{three ethical issues concerning participants/repondents:}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- voluntary participations \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- no harm to people → harm (i.e. disrespect, injustice, cruelty) can be preventing by debriefing \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- deception \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\bf{the milgram experiment:}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- articipants recruited for an experiment on learning (ethical aspect: deception) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- Participants were the 'teacher', confederate was the 'student', and there was an 'experimenter' \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
- Participants were told to administer an electric shock every time the student made a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time. Phony shocks ranged from 15 to 450 volts \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
- During and after the experiment participants suffered and became upset and nervous (ethical aspect: no harm to people) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
{\emph{anonymity;}} when a researcher cannot link a response with a given respondent \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
→ is impossible for interview studies \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
{\emph{condfidenttiality:}} when the researcher can identify a given person's response but essentially promises no to do so publicly \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
→ issue: compliance% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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