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  /Title (different-empirical-research-methods.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (different empirical research methods Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{different empirical research methods Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{methods/modes of observation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- experiments \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- survey research \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- qualitative field research \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- unobtrusive research \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- evaluation research% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{experiments}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{are more often used for natural science, phsycology and medicals sciences rather than social science + it is often explanatory research \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
method: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- select individuals \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- do something to them  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- observe the effect of what was done \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
subjects used: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- small numbers \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- probability and non-probability sampling \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- groups are often randomly selected or have mathing/similair \seqsplit{conditions/characteristics} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
results if experiments are shown is {\emph{statistics}}% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pros:  \newline - validity (external); anything other than experimental stimulus affect dependent variable (lack fo threat) \newline - reliability: possible to replicate, though not practical \newline  \newline cons: \newline - validity (external); generalizability experimental finding to 'real' -\textgreater{} experiments are {\emph{artificial}} they take place in laboratory, rather then natural settings) \newline - reactivity: respondents react to fact of being studied}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{survey research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{is both descriptive as well as explanatory research \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
questions are often closed-endend: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- single answer possible \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- multiple answer possible \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- statements to items of a scale \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
subjects used: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- large numbers:  samples of a population \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- requires probability sampling \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- approach: email, letter or phone \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
the results of survey research are often displayed in statistics \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
types: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
1. face-to-face interview (capi*) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
2. telephone interview (cati) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
3. self-administrated paper \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
4, self-adminstrated online% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{*Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing \newline Pros: \newline - describe social attitudes and practices of a large population in a representative way \newline - reliability: standardized question and answer possibilities \newline  \newline cons: Valitdity \newline - staderdized questions and answer possibilities might not fit \newline - context is absent \newline - inflexible \newline - articificial}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{unobtrusive research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{studies social behaviour without affecting it \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
types: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Content analysis: recorded human communications (social artifacts) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Output: both text and statistics \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- Analyzing existing statistics: registration data \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Output: statistics \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- Comparative and historical research: developmental processes across cultures (seeking common patterns) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
Output: both text and statistics% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{qualitative field research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{tries to probe social life in its natural environment, through direct observation of communications and events \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
is more often explanatory and descriptive, than just explanatory research \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
= inductive; uses generates a theory rather than a hypotheses \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
subjects used \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- small numbers \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- probability and non-probabillity sampling \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
results are presented in text; notes and recordings \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
types: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- Participant observation (aware or unaware) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- Interview: face-to-face or telephone and single or focus group \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
Pros: validity \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
- Study subtle nuances and in-depth understanding of concepts and relations (explanatory) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
- Flexible \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
Cons: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
- Reliability: not appropriate to describe large populations \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
- Challenge researcher: objective (sort out own biases) and not guiding without being too passive \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
- Reactivity: respondents react to fact of being studied% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{evaluation research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{is a research purpose rather thana method \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
→ purpose:  evaluate impact social interventions; applied research rather than purely scientific \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
aims of determinations: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- Needs assessment: existence and extent of problems \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- Monitoring: developments \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
-  Cost-benefit: results intervention justified by expense \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
-  Program or outcome assessment: interventions produces intended results \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
types: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- Experimental design: stimulus for experimental but not for control group with pre- and post-test \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
- Quasi-experimental design: experiment without control group (time-series) or not randomly assigned control group \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
- Qualitative evaluations: interview and ask after success of an intervention% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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