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% Document Info
\author{faminconnue (faminconnue)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (by-whom-to-measure-social-reality.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (faminconnue (faminconnue))
  /Subject (By whom to measure social reality? Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{By whom to measure social reality? Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{faminconnue (faminconnue)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178871/cs/38738/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}faminconnue (faminconnue) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/faminconnue} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 23rd May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{qualititative method}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- interviews or participation observation \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Purpose: explorative and explanatory \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Labour intensive: low numbers objects of study \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- Often nonprobability sampling \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- In-depth insights% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{quantitative method}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Questionnaires or/and surveys \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Purpose: descriptive and explanatory \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- With little effort high numbers objects of study \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
-  Probability sampling \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- Generalizable% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{choice of subjects}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{*Rather than studying the complete (research) population, social scientists mostly select (relatively few) people for study to discover things that apply to many more people who are not \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
studied, at least so can be claimed to a certain extent.* \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
in probability sampling there are 4 ways in which objects of study can be selected: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
1. Simple random: assign numbers to sampling frame and select numbers randomly (computer) -\textgreater{} each element has an equal chance of being selected  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
2. Systematic: every kth unit in a list is selected in the sample \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
3. Stratified: grouping of the units composing a population into homogeneous groups before sampling. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
4. Cluster: natural groups (clusters) are sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterwards% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nonprobability sampling}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{nonprobability = chance to became part of a sample is unknown \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- in general use: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
→ Qualitative research \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
→ Populations with no sampling frame \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- Nonprobability sampling, how are objects of study selected? \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
4 types: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
1. Convenience: easy availability of objects of study \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
2. Snowball: ask objects of study to suggest additional objects \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
3. Purposive: researcher's judgment about which objects of study will be the most useful or representative \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
4. Quota: on the basis of pre-specified characteristics, so that the sample will have the same distribution of characteristics assumed in the population% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{problem of nonprobability samples: {\bf{bias}} \newline → i.e. personal/practical (i.e. easy availability) preferences researcher}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{sample errors, confidence level and interval}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{statistic}}: the summary description of a variable in a sample, used to estimate a population parameter \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\emph{Sampling error:}} the degree of error to be expected of a given sample instead of the population \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
→ decrease when sample numbers increase + when variations decrease \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
{\emph{Confidence level:}} the estimated probability that a population parameter lies within a given confidence interval \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
{\emph{Confidence interval:}} the range of values within which a population parameter is estimated to lie% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{probability samples}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{purpose of empirical research = representativeness \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
→ and so, sample of objects of study from a population must contain the same variations that exist in the population \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
+ the quality of a sample of having the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was selected \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\bf{method:}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- sample of objects of study from a population must contain the same variations that existin the population \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
- the quality of a sample of having the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was selected% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{advantages probabiity sampling: \newline - are typically more representative than nonprobability samples as biases are avoided \newline - probability theory permits researchers toe estimate the accuracy or representativeness of the sample}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}