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% Document Info
\author{etau97hi1}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cs-411-midterm-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (etau97hi1)
  /Subject (CS 411 Midterm 1 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CS 411 Midterm 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{etau97hi1} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/32178/cs/18949/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}etau97hi1 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/etau97hi1} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 26th February, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SQL (Structured Query Language)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/etau97hi1_1551041726_Screen Shot 2019-02-24 at 2.55.04 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Relational Database Model}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Data is structured as {\bf{relations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Defines a limited set of {\bf{operations (query and modification)}} to interact with the data} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Allow for defining {\bf{constraints}} on columns (attributes), a table (relation), relationships among tables (foreign keys).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Syntax: Patterns and "LIKE"}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Used in a WHERE clause} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- General form: `\textless{}Attribute\textgreater{} LIKE \textless{}pattern\textgreater{}` or `\textless{}Attribute\textgreater{} NOT LIKE \textless{}pattern\textgreater{}`} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Pattern: quoted string with `\%` for any string, `\_` for any character} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Closed}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Query language is {\bf{closed}} if we can use the answer from one query as input to another query% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SQL Subquery Example}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SELECT {\emph{ \newline FROM (SELECT }} FROM Customer WHERE \newline   name LIKE 'A\%') as temp  \newline WHERE temp.phone LIKE '5\%';} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SQL Subqueries that Return Scalar}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Subquery can be used as value if guaranteed to produce one tuple with one component} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- "Single" tuple often guaranteed by key constraint} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- A run-time error if not scalar} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SQL: Boolean Operators}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textless{}tuple\textgreater{} IN \textless{}relation\textgreater{} is true if and only if the tuple is a member of the relation.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{EXISTS( \textless{}relation\textgreater{} ) is true if and only if the \textless{}relation\textgreater{} is not empty.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{x = ANY( \textless{}relation\textgreater{} ) is a boolean condition meaning that x equals at least one tuple in the relation.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Similarly, x \textless{}\textgreater{} ALL( \textless{}relation\textgreater{} ) is true iff for every tuple t in the relation, x is not equal to t} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ex: Aggregations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SELECT AVG(price) FROM Sells \newline WHERE drink = 'Mocha';} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aggregations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, and MAX can be applied to a column in a SELECT clause to produce that aggregation on the column.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ex: Grouping}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SELECT customer, AVG(price) \newline FROM Frequents, Sells  \newline WHERE drink = 'Mocha' AND Frequents.cafe = Sells.cafe \newline GROUP BY customer} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Single User Assumptions:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Each {\bf{operation}} (UPDATE ... SET ... WHERE) is {\bf{executed one at a time}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{ISOLATION}} - one op exec, maybe change DB, then next op exec} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{ATOMIC}} - op exec entirely or not at all} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transactions Definitions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Group the SFW and USW into a {\bf{transaction}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Transaction is a sequence of statements considered a "unit of operation" on DB} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Serializability of transactions}} - Either user1 transaction exec first or user2's, but not in parallel} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transactions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Transaction}}: sequence of read/write ops on the DB w/ the property that either all or none of actions complete. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- May either succeed (COMMIT), or fail (ABORT or ROLLBACK)% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ACID Properties}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Atomicity} & either all ops exec or none \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Consistency} & trans exec in isolation keeps DB in consistent state \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Isolation} & trans isolated from effects of other concurrently exec trans \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Durability} & updates stay in DBMS \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transaction Manager}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ensure that transactions that exec in parallel don't interfere with each other.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Concurrent Execution Problems}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Write-Read conflict & dirty/inconsistent read \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Read-Write conflict & Unrepeatable read \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Write-Write conflict & lost update \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}