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  /Title (civil-wars-and-interventions.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (enil)
  /Subject (Civil Wars and Interventions Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Civil Wars and Interventions Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 10th November, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is an Intra-State Conflict?}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Parties} & Government vs non-government actor \tn 
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 & 25 battle-related deaths a year \tn 
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 & Has to be fought over governing territory. Otherwise usually not counted \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fragile States}}  \tn
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Fragile state index & En index with states and a respective number. Higher number = more fragility = more conflict prone \tn 
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 & States with insufficient will or capacity to meet the needs of its people. States that are less able to deal with crisis and more vulnerable to political and violent conflicts \tn 
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"Failed States" & Cannot sustain themselves or their population \tn 
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Perception US 2003 & That failed states are more dangerous than states with ambitions of conquest. (With hindsight can one say that Somalia is more dangerous than Russia?) \tn 
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Critique & Simplistic tool \tn 
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 & Does fragility cause conflict or does conflict cause fragility? \tn 
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 & Conflict is part of the index \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UN's Role}}  \tn
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Security Council & Council consting of 5 members and 10 chosen members. Legitimises and is legally binding \tn 
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UN & The great legitimiser for use of force or any controversial political choice for that matter \tn 
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 & Why care if you can do it? If you do it without mandate can backfire (Tony Blair) \tn 
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 & Article 51 for self-defence \tn 
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Problem & Inherent problem is that the UN cannot be like NATO, it cannot do war. It relies on being respected, which it traditionally has been, but not so much anymore \tn 
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 & Only works when P5 agrees \tn 
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UN Peacekeeping & it is a peace operation Carried out by the UN \tn 
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 & Prevention, observation and assisting \tn 
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Peacekeeping does & Edict levels of violence \tn 
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 & Prevents the spread of violence \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UN's Role (cont)}}  \tn
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 & Helps mediation and negotiation \tn 
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 & Maintain peace in the aftermath of conflict \tn 
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Peacekeeping does not & Establish democracy or economic growth \tn 
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 & Solve the underlying causes of conflict \tn 
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 & Tend to fight well \tn 
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 & Moreover: scandals galore \tn 
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Does Peacekeeping work? & Depends on expectations and threshholds \tn 
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 & Not a "quick fix", but a good tool for keeping peace \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causes of Civil War - Walter 2009}}  \tn
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Structural Approach & Civil War happening is a probability with several factors \tn 
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 & Large population, low GDP, horizontal inequalities (across groups), inconstistent democratic institutions, low coercive ability, rough terrain \tn 
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Process Based Approach & Civil War as result of process where different actors want different things \tn 
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 & Bargaining theory - War is a very inefficient way to solve conflict, but when civil war occurs it occurs for 3 reasons \tn 
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1. Private info, incentives to misrepresent & Parties withhold information in order to get a better deal in settlments or to prevent good defence. Esp rebel groups \tn 
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 & Decreases chances of settlement \tn 
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2. Commitment and Credibility Issues & states cannot agree on a post-war solution in a pre-war situation because it might be hard to commit to such a solution. Hard for the government to not suppress the oiposition. The promise the government is making is hard for the opposition to trust. \tn 
% Row Count 42 (+ 13)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causes of Civil War - Walter 2009 (cont)}}  \tn
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3. Indivisible stakes & Symbolic areas - Kosovo, Jerusalem. Technically you can divide it, but would population let you? \tn 
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 & Who will get throne after king dies? Daughter, Brother or Son from second marriage \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{State Capacity - Fjelde, De Soysa}}  \tn
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Government options & Coercion, co-optation or cooperation \tn 
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 & threat  capacity,  economic  capacity,  and integrative capacity of states \tn 
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 & Every state has grievances, few have opportunities \tn 
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 & more money into society (co-optation) - less likely civil war \tn 
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 & If the system functions, you are less likely to rebel \tn 
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 & Co-optation \textgreater{} coercion \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Third-Party Intervention}}  \tn
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International intervention & illegal, Interference in the territory or domestic affairs of another state with military force, typically in a way that compromise a sovereign government's control over its own territory and population \tn 
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 & R2P - Right to protect (from genocide and intervene if one goes on) \tn 
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Humanitarian Intervention & Entry into a country by the armed forces of another country or international organisation with the aim of protecting citizens from violation of their human rights \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & So interference but in the name of humanity (conflict between sovereignty and human rights) \tn 
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Multilateral Peace Operation & Operations conducted under UN authority and or the Security Council \tn 
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 & a) facilitating implementation of peace agreements that are already in place. b) supporting a peace proccess. c) assisting conflict prevention and/or peacebuilding effects. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Third-Party Intervention (cont)}}  \tn
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UN Peacekeeping & Keeping up peace \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Third Party Intervention - Kalyvas}}  \tn
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After the Cold War Civil Wars are fought differently & Normal Intrastate down \tn 
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 & Internationalised intrastate up \tn 
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How conflict formes based on tech of parties & High tech rebels + high tech state= conventional \tn 
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 & Low tech rebels + high tech state= irregular \tn 
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 & High tech rebels + low tech state= coup \tn 
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 & Low tech rebels + low tech rebels= symmetrical nonconventional \tn 
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Aid & Aid increases win probability of side supported \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Third Party - Balch-Lindsay 2008}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Intervention} & 1000 troops on the ground counted as intervention \tn 
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 & Intervention for government, rebels, both parties \tn 
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\seqsplit{Government} & Government more likely to win, slightly negotiated solution \tn 
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Rebels & Rebels more likely to win, though still not very likely. Negotiated solution \tn 
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Balanced (salt) & Long wars, not likely negotiated solution \tn 
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Takeaway & Involvement one-sided increases probability of one party winning and negotiated solution \tn 
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% That's all folks
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