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  /Title (philosophy-midterm.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (emmaadams)
  /Subject (Philosophy Midterm Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Philosophy Midterm Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{emmaadams} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/178932/cs/37280/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}emmaadams \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/emmaadams} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd February, 2023.\\
   Updated 23rd February, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{0.92691 cm} x{2.50609 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Reasoning/logic} & Aims at Persuading us by showing that a claim is true/reasonable \tn 
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Rhetoric & Aims at persuading us by relying on our non logical physiological traits \tn 
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 & → Use \tn 
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 & → Mention \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.51495 cm} x{2.91805 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mention vs Use}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Mention} & using the word {\bf{not}} {\bf{mentioning}} the {\bf{definition}} \tn 
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\seqsplit{Example} & CIA started to use waterboarding to refer to induced suffocation in the late 70s \tn 
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Use & using the word to {\bf{refer}} to the {\bf{act}} \tn 
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\seqsplit{Example} & I don't see anything wrong with water boarding \tn 
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 & → Non Rhetorical \tn 
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 & → Rhetorical \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non Rhetorical VS Rhetorical}}  \tn
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Non \seqsplit{Rhetorical} & Wants a direct answer \tn 
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\seqsplit{Rhetorical} & trying to make a point rather than get an answer \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Three types of Rhetorical Strategies} \tn 
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 & → Content Directed \tn 
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 & → Subject Directed \tn 
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 & → Rhetorical Fallacies \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.47619 cm} x{1.95681 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Premise examples}}  \tn
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what is the unstated premise ? & Anyone who has seen the movie knows that it's terrible. So, you should know that it's terrible. \tn 
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 & You have seen the movie \tn 
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unstated premise & 1. ? 2. Mark is a human being 3. Therefore mark is mortal \tn 
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 & ? = all human beings are mortal \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Argument tips and hints}}  \tn
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what is the unstated premise ? & Anyone who has seen the movie knows that it's terrible. So, you should know that it's terrible. \tn 
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 & You have seen the movie \tn 
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unstated premise & 1. ? 2. Mark is a human being 3. Therefore mark is mortal \tn 
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 & ? = all human beings are mortal \tn 
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{\bf{example of an invalid argument}} & 1. Some Wisconsinites are rich  2. Some Wisconsinites are republicans Therefore, some republicans are rich \tn 
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{\bf{Can we conclude from the fact that an argument is not sound that it is not deductively valid?}} & No, from the fact that the argument is not sound we can conclude that either it is not valid or one of the premises is false. \tn 
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{\bf{Is it possible to have a sound argument and a false conclusion? Why or why not?}} & No. This is not possible. For an argument to be sound it must be (1) valid (if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true) and (2) it must have all true premises. (1) and (2) necessitate that a sound argument has a true conclusion. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Argument tips and hints (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{difference between inductive and deductive}} & While the conclusion of an inductive argument can only be likely, a conclusion of a deductive argument is certain. \tn 
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{\bf{Can we conclude from the fact that an argument is not sound that it is not deductively valid?}} & No, from the fact that the argument is not sound we can conclude that either it is not valid or one of the premises is false. \tn 
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{\bf{Example of a Valid deductive argument that contains a false conclusion.}} & P1: If I go to the store, I will learn how to fly. P2: I went to the store. C: So I learned how to fly. \tn 
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{\bf{Example of a Sound argument }} & If a city is in Germany then it is in Europe. Cologne is in Germany. Therefore, it is in Europe. This argument is sound because: i) it is valid and ii) it's premises are true. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{you can have multiple conclusions for something  \newline  \newline A valid Argument can have a false conclusion AND a false premise  \newline  \newline (North America example)}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.54485 cm} x{1.88815 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Things that are not arguments}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{List of Claims} \tn 
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 & We are fifteen years into this new century. Fifteen years that dawned with  terror touching our shores; that unfolded with a new generation fighting two  long and costly wars; that saw a vicious recession spread across our nation  and the world. It has been, and still is, a hard time for many. But tonight, we turn  the page. \tn 
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Conditionals & An argument in which the premises, if true, demonstrate or establish the conclusion. \tn 
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Statement Format:  "if - then - " & ✤If you drink more, you'll have a hangover tomorrow.  ✤If he has been stealing, then he deserves to be fired \tn 
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Casual Claims & Causal claims identify the cause of something. They explain why something  is the case or happens. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Things that are not arguments (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Argument}} John must love kale because he eats it a lot. {\bf{Casual Claim}} Because John loves kale he eats it a lot. \tn 
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 & Step 1. Find the two events, states or facts that are related in the claim.  Step 2. Determine which one of the  events, states or facts is typically the  cause and which one is typically the  effect of the other one.  Step 3. Find the premise indicator.  Step4. If what comes after the premise indicator is the effect, the statement is  an argument. If what comes after the  premise indicator is the cause then the  statement is a causal clai \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{words I don't know}}  \tn
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Mixed rhetorical strategies & Rhetorical strategies that can be used both directly and indirectly. Examples of such  strategies include hyperbole and rhetorical Analogy. \tn 
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Parsimony Principles & Principles according to which views that are simpler and posit fewer entities should be  preferred to more complex views. \tn 
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Aristotle's three modes of persuasion & {\bf{Ethos}}: Persuasion by the speaker's personal attributes (reputation, accomplishments, expertise,  looks, charisma) {\bf{Pathos}}: Persuasion by arousing emotions with a skillful use of rhetoric. {\bf{Logos}}: Persuasion by rational arguments and reasoning. \tn 
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Rhetorical Force & The rhetorical force of an expression is its ability or power to express and elicit emotional and  other psychological responses in the audience. Expressions can have almost identical literal  meanings but different rhetorical forces. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} x{3.0897 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Content Directed Strategies}}  \tn
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 & Aims at supporting or undermining an idea by presenting its content in a smart way that makes it more likely that we will accept or reject it. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.06423 cm} x{2.36877 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Indirect Content Based Strategies}}  \tn
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Weaseling & use words to help: (A) Protect a statement from criticism by weakening it. While (B) hoping the audience will still believe the stronger version  *common terms: up to, some, perhaps, possibly \tn 
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Ex: & loose up to 37 pounds in 28 days \tn 
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Downplaying & speaker tells you something is the case but cleverly uses language to implicitly undermine its significance \tn 
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ex; & Ex: mary has a mere high school diploma  Ex: karl is a "professor" of mathematics \tn 
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Loaded Question & Asking a question to make you believe it is true (humans are more likely to believe something when it is implied) \tn 
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ex & Why does the president hate immigrants?  {\bf{Explicitly asks}}: why does the president hate immigrants? {\bf{Implies}}: the president hates immigrants \tn 
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Indirect Hyperbole & make an exaggerated or non exaggerated claim which {\bf{gives it persuasive force}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Indirect Content Based Strategies (cont)}}  \tn
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ex & Ex: {\bf{I would kill myself before i eat at this restaurant again}}. You are saying something directly but you {\bf{want people to believe what you are indirectly saying}} (I Don't want you to believe i want to kms I want you to believe that the food is bad.) OR She cooked so much food for her party; there was enough for an army! \tn 
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Innuendo & says something explicitly but they also want you to believe something else that is NOT weaseling, downplaying, indirect hyperbole or preposition (more indirect - stressing certain words) \tn 
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Example 1 & What do you think is being implied by the innuendo in this dialogue? In other words, how are things going for B?  A: "How's it going?"  B: " …it's going."  (Answer things are not going well) \tn 
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Example 2 & What do you think is being implied by the innuendo in this dialogue? Cicero: "{[}Marc Antony{]} is here now, in your hands. I am merely stating facts; I am not suggesting any particular course of action…"  Brutus: "I will not take the course of action you're not suggesting."  (answer killing Marc antony) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Direct Content Based Strategies}}  \tn
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Euphemisms & Positive expression used in place of a negative expression with the same literal meaning in order to persuade the audience of a claim \tn 
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Example & The fear that the new administration might reintroduce {\bf{enhanced interrogation}} techniques is unjustified. \tn 
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Dysphemism & negative expression used in place of a positive expression with the same literal meaning in order to persuade the audience of a claim \tn 
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Example & Its wrong to give tax breaks to the {\bf{obscenely}} rich \tn 
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Direct Hyperbole & one exaggerates a claim hoping that the audience will be more likely to accept the exaggerated claim saying something explicitly is what you want them to believe \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Direct Content Based Strategies (cont)}}  \tn
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Example & Cable news has gone round the bend: the only thing you hear on Fox  News is right-wing rant, and the only thing you hear on MSNBC are  left-wing rants. \tn 
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Proof Surrogates & support a claim by suggesting that there is agreement about it or that there is agreement about it or that there is strong support for it when there is not much agreement and existence of support is in dispute \tn 
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Example common phrases: {\bf{ widely accepted, recognized, it's obvious that, as we all know studies show}} & The Great Depression of the 1930s was needlessly prolonged by government policies now  recognized in retrospect as foolish and  irresponsible.  OR {\bf{Obamacare is a disaster; you know it; I know  it; they know it.}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.16722 cm} x{2.26578 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Arguments and Main components}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Series of statements that aim at proving rational reasons for believing in a claim} \tn 
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claim & any sentence that is true or false \tn 
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Rational Reasons: & Reasons that show that a claim is true or more likely to be true \tn 
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Non-Rational Reasons: & Reasons that are causes, Reasons that do not indicate the truth \tn 
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Premises: & statements that are given in support of the conclusion \tn 
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 & indicators : come before the premise  Since, For, In view of, Because \tn 
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Conclusion & Claim that the argument supports \tn 
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 & Indicators: Thus, Therefore, Consequently, Hence, So, This implies that \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Reasoning}}} \tn 
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Deductive reasoning: & no new info in the conclusion  premise = true -\textgreater{} conclusion true \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{ex} \tn 
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Validity: & argument is valid when it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusions false \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Arguments and Main components (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{ex} \tn 
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Soundness: & argument is valid if premises are true \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{ex} \tn 
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Inductive: & new information is in the conclusion  If premise is true conclusion might not \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subject Directed Strategies}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{aim at supporting/undermining an idea {\bf{by}} supporting/undermining the {\bf{proponents}} of the {\bf{idea}} or the {\bf{group that the idea is about}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.09856 cm} x{2.33444 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stereotype}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Beliefs about a groups attributes that are often false, over-simplified, over-generalized or highly exaggerated} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
→  Non Rhetorical & assenting to a stereotype ( i agree w the generalization/just commenting on the stereotype) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Examples & new yorkers are rude, Jews are successful in business, Illegal immigrants are criminals, Only tree huggers believe in climate change. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
→ Rhetorical & Supporting a claim about individuals by placing them within a stereotyped group to make a conclusion \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Examples & I'm sure johns mom will be waiting outside she's a helicopter mom, Better hide the bottle before John arrives. He's irish! April is a study freak so I bet she got an A on the test \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Not all generalizations are stereotypes  \newline  \newline Some rules  \newline Often have socio-political implications \newline  these are part of the explanation for why stereotypes exists  \newline Most scientific generalizations are not stereotypes  \newline Often essentialize feature that they attribute to a group  \newline  \newline You don't have to have knowledge on whether something is false - but if it looks like a scientific claim it is less likely to be a stereotype.  \newline  \newline EXAMPLE: THE JAPANESE ARE MORE PRONE TO HAVE BOWEL CANCER}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ad Hominem}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{rejecting a persons claim or position by attacking them}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{→ {\bf{Accusation of Inconsistency}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{You tell me it's dangerous to text when I'm driving  but I  have seen you doing it! (inconsistency  between claim and behavior) You tell me that it's dangerous to text while driving  but just last week you were saying it isn't! (inconsistency between claim and behavior)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{→ {\bf{Questioning ones motivation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{li: What do you think about Betsy DeVos' idea that  replacing public schools with charter schools and the  voucher system will help improve education?   Kyle:  Of course it's a terrible idea! Didn't you know that  the DeVos family has made a lot of money by investing in  K12, a company that manages charter schools?} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{→ {\bf{Personal Attack}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mary: Dad says it's dangerous to stay out after 11pm?  Jack:  It's not. Dad's just a control freak! & OR "Jerry is just an idiot" \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
→ {\bf{Refuting By Association }} & Using stereotype to disprove/refute claim \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Bob: You think banning guns will reduce gun  violence? That sounds like what those left-wing  university professors would say. Banning guns would actually make us less safe.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ad Hominem (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
*Do not confuse a personal attack with an ad hominem that uses a  personal attack. & {\bf{Just a personal attack}}: Mark is a liar!/ {\bf{Personal attack ad hominem}} Jasmine: Mark says he didn't  steal the car.  Peter: He's a liar! Of course, he did. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} x{3.0897 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ad Hominem notes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{What Makes It an Ad Hominem?  When are motivations, inconsistencies, personal attributes or associations completely irrelevant to the evaluation of a claim and when are these factors relevant? Provide an example to explain your reasoning.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Motivations, inconsistencies, personal attributes or associations are relevant/irrelevant depending on the conclusion we are supposed to draw. When motivations, inconsistencies, personal attributes or associations are reasons to doubt the source of the claim or the claim itself, the ad hominem attack can be considered a reason to be cautious about accepting the claim. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagramming Arguments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Diagramming represents the logical structure of an argument  (what supports what)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Step 1: & find and label components of argument  Use numbers  (components are premises and conclusion ) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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Step 2: represent the rational components & using arrows \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
example & Does Blank get support from the previous statements and does it provide support for any of the arguments \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{connecting what premises give support to the previous statements and what statements provide the conclusions in the argument}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.44186 cm} x{1.99114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Points on Diagramming}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Structure vs. shape & The structure of the diagram matters not the shape ( straight line vs weird pentagon - same thing) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Embedded arguments & Some complex arguments are embedded in other arguments \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
One conclusion many arguments & A complex argument can have multiple different arguments for a single conclusion \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
One premise many conclusions & One premise can be a reason for multiple conclusions \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
co -operation & Premises can work together \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Ambiguous structures & Arguments can have ambiguous structures   more than one way to get to a conclusion)  diff arguments are divided by a line) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Opposing reasons & Some components can be reasons against other components  Some things don't support anything in the argument (these are hashed out) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Lines are only used for + when using two arguments for a conclusion - not a deep meaning}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.47619 cm} x{1.95681 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rhetorical Fallacies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Strawman & claim is false by \seqsplit{misrepresenting/distorting} it to make it vulnerable to attack/easy to refute \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ex & {\bf{Alex}}: "I believe that some of the money for the defense budget should be reallocated to education spending."  {\bf{Becca}}: "I can't believe that you want to cut the paycheck of the brave men and women who fight to defend our country!" \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Line Drawing & since there is no one way to define a concept or line between concept \& opposite it should not be used \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
ex & It's not clear how many people the planet can support. We should stop worrying about overpopulation." \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Perfectionist & assumes only available option is ideal or perfect \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.47619 cm} x{1.95681 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rhetorical Fallacies (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ex & "I don't think we should sign him up for football. The odds of him getting into the NFL are slim to none." \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
False Dilemma & assumes you only have two options \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ex & You can either be straight edge or an addict, so you better not try any drugs or alcohol. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Misplacing the burden of proof & there is no proof for claim -\textgreater{} we should reject the claim \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ex & Obviously, Clinton was lying about her emails. Can you  prove she wasn't?  •Since there is no proof that she wasn't lying,  she was lying.  •Since there is no proof that guns shouldn't be  outlawed they should be outlawed  •Since there is no proof that ghosts don't exist,  they do exist. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.47619 cm} x{1.95681 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rhetorical Fallacies (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
who has burden of proof & legal principles, change, inherent credibility, parsimony principles  (in cases of controversy both parties have burden of proof) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
begging the question & offers a reason that is repacking the claim into a question \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ex & The superiority of the Aryan race is proved by the inferiority of the other races, That God exists is proved by scripture  because scripture is the word of God and  thus cannot be fa \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{THIS IS NOTHING (it j kept showing up) "I refuse to draw a line between your side of the room and mine. We should just respect \newline each other's stuff!"}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rhetoric by Omission}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Persuading someone to believe something by omitting necessary information} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{sometimes information can change bc of definition changes, think aids example; more people weren't getting aids than before the definition was more inclusive to all types of aids}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.44186 cm} x{1.99114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Demagoguery}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{A figure who exploits prejudice, fear and ignorance among the public in order to achieve and further his/her goals} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{CORE Rhetorical Strategies}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Otherising & Dividing people into in-groups and out-groups and viewing or treating the members of the out-group as inherently different from the members of the in group \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
ex & Nazis otherized jews, the Roma and homosexuals \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Demonizing & Representing someone or members of a group as inherently evil or wicked in character. \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
ex & Nazi's demonized jews \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Scapegoating & Blaming the members of the out group for the problems from which members of the in group suffer \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
ex & nazis scapegoat jews as responsible for economic hardship and as the reason germany lost ww1 \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fear Mongering & Invoking intense fear of the members of the out-group in the audience \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.44186 cm} x{1.99114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Demagoguery (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Other Rhetorical strategies of demagogues}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Personal insult and Ridicule: & often personally insult or ridicule those who disagree with them as an alternative to deliberation and reasoning \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Empty Promises: & making a promise just for the sake of their effect on the audience and without any regard for the practical possibility of what is promised or sometimes without the intention to deliver it. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Repetition: & making the same point over and over in order to convince the audience to believe it \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
suspending belief: & avoidance of critical thinking or logic in examining something unreal or impossible in reality, such as a work of speculative fiction, in order to believe it for the sake of enjoyment \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Suspending your belief on something because you have some type of bias , you suspend your belief bc you can't make a full judgment} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.51495 cm} x{2.91805 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Charitable}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{When possible, assume the best interpretation} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Example} & {\bf{What the speaker says}}: Glen Beck said President Obama's foreign policy is weak? But Glen Beck is an idiot! President Obama's foreign policy is fine. {\bf{What the speaker has in mind}}: Glen Beck said President Obama's foreign policy is weak? But Glen Beck is an idiot! So, don't give much weight to his opinion. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Sometimes we do not fully articulate what we mean to say: If possible, assume the interpretation that does not attribute a fallacy to them.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{2.02547 cm} x{1.40753 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Be constructive}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{When possible show how a problem can be fix or avoided or give others a chance to explain or improve their reasons} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Help speaker Avoid ad hominem by offering a different conclusion} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Avoid}} non-constructive response:  Glen Beck said President Obama's foreign policy is weak? But Glen Beck is an idiot! President Obama's foreign policy is fine. & This is just an ad hominem!! \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Constructive response: I think that since John is known to be paranoid we shouldn't believe on the basis of his report that Mary is having an affair. But we can't conclude that Mary is not having an affair, can we?} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Be Informative}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{When possible, make the problematic assumptions explicit and focus the discussion on those} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Identify the problematic assumptions,  Discuss the problematic assumptions, Discuss the premises of the valid deductive argument} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}