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  /Title (acp-singapore-accidents.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (elementalhalo)
  /Subject (ACP Singapore - Accidents Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{ACP Singapore - Accidents Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{elementalhalo} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/26073/cs/7178/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}elementalhalo \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/elementalhalo} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 13th February, 2016.\\
   Updated 13th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Damages}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Damages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Special damages can be easily quantified – usually out of pocket expenses/ losses already incurred} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Costs of repair of damaged property} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Costs of replacing destroyed property} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hospitalisation bills} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{General Damages}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pecuniary (Post-trial) & Non-percuniary (pre and post trial) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Future Expenses & Pain and Suffering \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Loss of Future Earnings & Loss of Amenities \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Loss of Earning Capacity & Loss of Expectation of Life \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantifying future expenses}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{E.g. future transport expenses, future nursing care expenses \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Multiplier and multiplicand approach \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Multiplicand – proof required on the extent and necessity of such expenses \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Multiplier – depends on circumstances prevailing at date of trial e.g. Plaintiff's age, type of job, length of working life and length in which expenses are required. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
Discounted for contingencies and for present value \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
No interest awarded for future expenses% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantifying Loss of Future Earnings}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Compensate for reduction in existing earning capacity as a result of the disability suffered \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Multiplicand – Difference between pre-accident income and present income on an annual basis less necessary deductions for income tax \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
Multiplier – number of years the Plaintiff will suffer the loss of earning capacity \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Discounted for contingencies and for present value \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
No interest awarded for loss of earning capacity \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Loss of future earnings not awarded where: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
(a) Plaintiff's income at time of assessment is the same or more than his pre-accident income \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
(b) there is no measurable annual loss% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantifying Loss of Earning Capacity}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Compensates for risk of loss of present employment and the consequent disadvantage in competing in the labour market for another equally well-paying job \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Usually awarded where:  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
(a) at time of trial, the Plaintiff suffered no loss of earnings but if he were to lose employment he would be at a disadvantage \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
(b) there is no evidence of the Plaintiff's earnings for the Court to calculate loss of future earnings e.g. where party is a young child \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
Court will take into account factors relating to the Plaintiff and his earning capacity \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Personal factors: Plaintiff's age, gender, skills and training, nature of Plaintiff's disabilities \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
Earning Capacity: Type of job pre-accident, the general employment situation for this type of job, the kind of jobs Plaintiff can hold at present or in future and the earnings he can command. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 4)
Court will award a lump sum "in the round" representing this loss of earning capacity \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
No deduction of income tax \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
No interest awarded for future expenses% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Generally Court will NOT award both loss of future earnings and loss of earning capacity \newline When deciding on the quantum for loss of earning capacity, the Court will take into account that an award for loss of future earnings has already been made}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantifyiing Lost years}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{AOD v AOE {[}2015{]} 2 SGHC 272 \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Plaintiff was 9 years old at time of car accident.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Became quadriplegic who requires constant care.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Life expectancy reduced to 38 years of age.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Held :  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Living Plaintiff can make a "lost years" claim \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Working life = 16 years (38-22) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Multiplier = 9 years  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Multiplicand = \$1,723.24 \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
"lost years" = 24 years (62-38) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Multiplier = 8 years \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Multiplicand = \$1,723.24 x 40\%% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantifying Pain and Suffering}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Approach to Quantification \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1. Identify types of injury by reviewing the medical report \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
2. Understand the severity of the injury from the medical report e.g. possible disability \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
3. Look up range value in precedents: See Guidelines for the Assessment of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases, Lawnet (Damages for Personal Injuries)  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
4. Consider effect of multiple injuries: Global or component approaches \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
What if there are multiple injuries? \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Court may adopt one of the following approaches : \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
(a) Global Approach: Award a total amount to cover all injuries \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
(b) Component Approach: Award separate amounts for each injury claimed \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
(c) Mixed Approach: Award separate amounts for each injury claimed and match the total against a global award \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
Whether the injuries are related to the same part of function of the body will be a key factor in determining which approach is to be used.% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantifying Loss of Amenities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Compensates claimant's inability to pursue the same activities which he used to before his disability \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
E.g. change in personality, unable to pursue leisure activities, loss of marriage prospects \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Pain and Suffering and Loss of Amenities usually quantified together \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Loss of Amenities only quantified separately in extreme cases e.g. total blindness, paraplegia% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantifying Loss of Expectation of Life}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Not separately assessed but part of the total award for pain and suffering \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Section 11 Civil Law Act  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Abolition of right to damages for loss of expectation of life \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
11. —(1)  In any action for damages for personal injuries, no damages shall be recoverable in respect of any loss of expectation of life caused to the injured person by the injuries, except that if the injured person's expectation of life has been reduced by the injuries, the court, in assessing damages in respect of pain and suffering caused by the injuries, shall take into account any suffering caused or likely to be caused to him by awareness that his expectation of life has been so reduced.  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 11)
(2)  In subsection (1), any reference to damages in respect of loss of expectation of life does not include damages in respect of loss of income.% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{INTEREST AWARDED}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SPECIAL DAMAGES & GENERAL DAMAGES \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
3\% per annum from date of accident to date of trial & Loss of Amenities, Pain and suffering - 5.33\% per annum from date of service of writ to date of trial \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Everything else - no interest awarded \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Claim for damages}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Special Damages - Pre-Trial Pecuniary loss \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
General Damages - Non-pecuniary loss and post-trial pecuniary loss% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Purpose is to compensate not punish \newline Aim is to put the injured party in the same position he would have been if he had not suffered the wrong  \newline Burden of proof lies on party claiming loss}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Estate vs Dependency Claim}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/elementalhalo_1455350705_Picture2.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Funeral Expenses}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Section 22(4) Civil Law Act \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
 If the dependants have incurred funeral expenses in respect of the deceased, damages may be awarded in respect of those expenses. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
Claimed as special damages and has to be particularised% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bereavement}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Parties who can claim for bereavement \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Section 21 Civil Law Act \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
21. —(2)  A claim for damages for bereavement shall only be for the benefit of such of the following persons as survive the deceased:  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
(a) the wife or husband of the deceased; \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
(b) where there is no spouse by or for whom a claim can be made under paragraph (a), the children of the deceased; \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
(c) where there is no person by or for whom a claim can be made under paragraph (a) or (b), the parents of the deceased or, if the deceased was illegitimate, his mother; \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
(d) where there is no person by or for whom a claim can be made under paragraph (a), (b) or (c), but the deceased was at the date of his death a minor, any person who during any marriage to which that person was a party treated the deceased as a child of the family in relation to that marriage; or \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 6)
(e) where there is no other person by or for whom a claim can be made under this subsection, any brother or sister of the deceased. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
Section 21 Civil Law Act \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
(3)  The right of a person to claim under this section for damages for bereavement shall not survive for the benefit of his estate.  \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 3)
(4)  Subject to subsection (6), the sum to be awarded as damages under this section shall be \$15,000.  \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
(5)  Where there is a claim for damages under this section for the benefit of 2 or more persons, the sum awarded shall be divided equally between them (subject to any deduction falling to be made in respect of costs not recovered from the defendant).  \newline % Row Count 35 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bereavement (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(6)  The Minister may, by order published in the Gazette, substitute the sum specified in subsection (4) with such other sum as he thinks fit.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pecuniary Loss}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Multiplier and Multiplicand Approach & Deduct deceased's expenses from his net income: Balance is presumably for his dependants \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69349 cm} x{1.19002 cm} x{1.69349 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Possible dependency claims}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pecuniary Losses & \seqsplit{Bereavement} & Funeral Expenses \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is a dependant?}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Section 20(8) Civil Law Act \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
In this section, "dependant" means —  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(a) the wife or husband or former wife of the deceased; \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
(b) any parent, grandparent or great-grandparent of the deceased; \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
(c) any child, grandchild or great-grandchild of the deceased; \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
(d) any person (not being a child of the deceased) who, in the case of any marriage to which the deceased was at any time a party, was treated by the deceased as a child of the family in relation to that marriage; \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 5)
(e) any person who is, or is the issue of, a brother, sister, uncle or aunt of the deceased.% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.42018 cm} x{0.91894 cm} x{0.91894 cm} x{0.91894 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Estate Claim}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Claim for loss of expectation of life & NO claim for "lost years" & Claim for Special Damages & Claim for General Damages \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & Medical \seqsplit{expenses} & Pain and \seqsplit{suffering} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{Transportation} \seqsplit{Expenses} & Loss of \seqsplit{Amenities} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantification for fatal accident claims}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Estate Claim & Dependency Claim \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
The Deceased's estate may sue the wrongdoer in place of deceased as he would if he had not died & Dependant's of deceased sue wrongdoer for financial loss suffered as a result of the death of deceased \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limitation on Action}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Limitation Act (Cap.163) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Section 24A(1) read with Section 24A(3)(a) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Any action for damages for negligence, nuisance or breach of duty  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Where the damages claimed do not include personal injury claims, the action shall not be brought after the expiration of the period of 6 years from the date on which the cause of action accrued \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
Section 24A(1) read with Section 24A(2) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Any action for damages for negligence, nuisance or breach of duty  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Where the damages claimed consist of or include damages in respect of personal injuries to the plaintiff or any other person, shall not be brought after the expiration of —  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
(a) 3 years from the date on which the cause of action accrued; or \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
(b) 3 years from the earliest date on which the plaintiff has the knowledge required for bringing an action for damages in respect of the relevant injury, if that period expires later than the period mentioned in paragraph (a). \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 5)
Section 24A(4) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
(5)  Knowledge that any act or omission did or did not, as a matter of law, involve negligence, nuisance or breach of duty is irrelevant for the purposes of subsections (2) and (3).  \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 4)
(6)  For the purposes of this section, a person's knowledge includes knowledge which he might reasonably have been expected to acquire —  \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limitation on Action (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(a) from facts observable or ascertainable by him; or \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(b) from facts ascertainable by him with the help of appropriate expert advice which it is reasonable for him to seek. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
(7)  A person shall not be taken by virtue of sub-section (6) to have knowledge of a fact ascertainable only with the help of expert advice so long as he has taken all reasonable steps to obtain (and, where appropriate, to act on) that advice.% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Preaction protocols}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Special pre-action claim procedure applies for non-injury motor accidents (NIMA) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
In the interest of saving time and costs \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Depending on the quantum of the claim, the following applicable protocol should be complied with: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
FIDReC Pre-action Protocol (low level NIMA claims) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Non-injury Motor Accident (NIMA) Pre-action Protocol \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Personal Injury Claims Pre-Action Protocol% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What to do be4 commencing formal claim}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/elementalhalo_1455351434_Picture3.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FIDReC Pre-action Protocols}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pre-action Protocol for Management of Low-Value Non-injury Motor Accident Cases by the Financial Industry Dispute Resolution Centre Ltd (FIDReC) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
This protocol applies to non-injury motor accident claims where: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Quantum of damages before apportionment of liability is below \$3,000 excluding survey fees, interests, costs and disbursements; and \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
Defendant is claiming under his policy i.e. against the insurer% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NIMI pre-action protocols}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pre-action Protocol for Non-injury Motor Accident (NIMA) Cases \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
This protocol applies to: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
NIMA claims of \$3,000 and above% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personal Injury Claim Pre-action Protocols}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The object of this protocol is to streamline the management of personal injury claims and promote early settlement of such claims.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
It prescribes a framework for pre-writ negotiation and exchange of information.% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}