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\author{ElectroM}
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  /Title (personology-chapter-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ElectroM)
  /Subject (Personology Chapter 1 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Personology Chapter 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ElectroM} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/146671/cs/34298/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ElectroM \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/electrom} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 22nd September, 2022.\\
   Updated 26th November, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Background}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Personology}}- the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the individual's characteristics and of differences between people} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Allows us to re-examine our thinking about human functioning, and could very well leave us with a better understanding of our own and others' functioning.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personology and Everyday Knowledge of Human Nature}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Everyday knowledge of human nature}}- the ability to judge, understand, explain and predict behaviour of fellow human beings.} \tn 
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Ability to judge people depends on four sources: & 1. Cultural Tradition \tn 
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 & 2. Direct communication from others \tn 
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 & 3. Observation of others' behaviour \tn 
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 & 4. Self-observation \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Personologists aim at improving such everyday knowledge about people by basing their theories on scientific methods.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Personality Theory}}- the outcome of a purposeful, sustained effort to develop a logically consistent conceptual system for describing, explaining and/or predicting human behaviour.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Complexity of Human and their Behaviour}}  \tn
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Human behaviour is a highly complex phenomenon that is determined by a wide range of interdependent factors such as: & 1. Biological factors \tn 
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 & 2. Environmental circumstances \tn 
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 & 3. Social factors such as people's expectations, social milieu and culture \tn 
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 & 4. Psychological and spiritual factors \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A complete description and explanation of behaviour would only be possible on the basis of a thorough understanding of all the factors which determine behaviour, including the complex ways in which these factors interact with one another.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Concepts}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Person}}- an individual human being who can act independently} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Personality}}- the constantly changing but nevertheless relatively stable organisation of all physical, psychological and spiritual characteristics of the individual that determine his or her behaviour in interaction with the context.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Character}}- those aspects of the personality involving the person's values.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Temperament/nature}}- emotional aspects of the personality.} \tn 
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{\emph{The self}}- is used in so many different ways that it is not possible to provide a single definition. It is sometimes used to refer to: & a.	People's views of themselves; \tn 
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 & b.	At other times it is a synonym for personality; \tn 
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 & c.	The core of personality; \tn 
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 & d.	Many other aspects of the personality \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personality, Situation and Behaviour}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Personism}}- the view that behaviour is influenced chiefly by the individual's personality.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Situationalism}}- the view that the situation is the most important determinant of behaviour.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Interactionalism}}- the view that behaviour is the outcome of the interaction between the individual's characteristics and the situation in which the behaviour occurred.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Transactionalism}}- the issues involved are even more complex, the interaction is invariably threefold: between the person, the situation and the behaviour.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personality Theories: A Systematic Overview}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Depth Psychological Approaches}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Depth psychologists contend that behaviour is determined by forces within the person of which he or she is mostly unaware.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Behavioural and Learning Theoretical Approaches}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}They emphasise the study of observable behaviour and consider learning and environmental influences to be the most important determinants of behaviour.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Person-oriented Approaches}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The theorists in this group try to include and explain all aspects of the person in their theories.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Socially-contextualised Approaches }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Individuals can only be understood as parts of the complex totality of more encompassing systems in which they are embedded.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{A Closer Look at Personality Theories}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Background}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Contains useful background information for the understanding of a particular theory.} \tn 
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\seqsplit{Including:} & a.	The historical background to the theories, \tn 
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 & b.	Biographical information about the theorists, \tn 
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 & c.	The social and philosophical influences the theorists were subjected to \tn 
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 & d.	Influences arising from the theories. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Structure of the Personality}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Structure of the Personality}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The hypothetical basic units or working parts that make up the personality, and that work together in some way to produce behaviour.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Dynamics of the Personality}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A personality theory has to explain what enables the personality to function or what motivates behaviour.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A theory should explain the motivating energy, or what provides the drive in behaviour and how the parts 'work together'.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Development of the Personality}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When a personality theory includes a complete developmental theory, it usually explains how the structural and dynamic aspects of the person develop and how children's behaviour gradually changes until they reach adulthood.} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Optimal Development}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The theorist's basic view of the person and indicates what he or she regards as optimal human development or as the full realisation of one's life goals.} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Views on Psychopathology}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Explain how a \seqsplit{psychologically-disturbed} person differs from a mentally healthy person and how psychopathology develops.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Interpretation and Handling of Aggression}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The implications of the \seqsplit{theories/perspectives/approaches} for understanding and dealing with aggression are also examined in some depth.} \tn 
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The {\emph{aim}} of this is: & 1.	To discuss the same theme/topic in terms of all the various theoretical perspectives, and in this way to point out the similarities and differences between the perspectives. \tn 
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 & 2.	To investigate the relevance of personology with regard to current social problems in South Africa \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Implications and Applications}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Personality theories contain useful information for every individual's own life, and may help people to develop their abilities and to understand themselves and others.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Particular attention is given to the implications and applications of the theories in the context of areas such as education, psychotherapy, society in general, measurement and research.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evaluation of the Theory}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Highlights the most important positive and negative features of these theories.} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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