\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{Kayla (Education Help23)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-the-nervous-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Kayla (Education Help23))
  /Subject (Biology: The Nervous System Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{872B81}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F7F1F7}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology: The Nervous System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Kayla (Education Help23)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/201049/cs/43023/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Kayla (Education Help23) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/education-help23} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 13th April, 2024.\\
   Updated 13th April, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms - Alphabetical}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cranial Nerves}} – Nerves that originate in the brain or brainstem} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Choroid Plexus}} - Location in the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dendrites}} – Branches from the cell body of a neuron that detect stimuli} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ganglia}} – A collection of neuron cell bodies} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Glial Cells}} – Cells that support the neuron function} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Grey Matter}} – Tissue of the brain that appears grey and contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of neurons} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Interneurons}} – Short neurons used to transmit signals within the CNS} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Monosynaptic Reflexes}} – Reflex consisting of one sensory neuron and one synapse to the motor neuron} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Motor Neuron}} – Cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, breath by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nerve}} – A collection of neurons surrounded by connective tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neuron}} – A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Polysynaptic Reflexes}} – A reflex that involves more than two neurons} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Preganglionic}} - The preganglionic neuron travels from its origin in the brain or spinal cord to a ganglion (collection of cytons outside the CNS).} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms - Alphabetical (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Reciprocal Innervation}} – Occurs when one muscle contracts and the antagonistic muscle on the opposite side of the body relaxes.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Reflex Arc}} – Pathway taken by a nerve impulse from sensation to effect} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sensory Neurons}} - Send information to spinal cord and brain} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{White Matter}} – Segments of the nervous system composed of myelinated axons} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The nervous system has two major divisions: \{\{nl\}\}•The central nervous system (CNS), composed of the brain and spinal cord \{\{nl\}\}•The peripheral nervous system (PNS), composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and all the neurons and sensory receptors outside the CNS.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The neuron is the basic cell type of both systems.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•The major divisions of the PNS are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•{\bf{Somatic Nervous System}} – voluntary control of movements – mostly skeletal muscle and skin.  \{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Afferent neurons}} bring signals from peripheral receptors to the CNS \{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Efferent neurons}} bring signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscle fibres \{\{nl\}\} •{\bf{Autonomic Nervous System}} – involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscle glands. This system works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•{\bf{Ganglion (Ganglia is plural)}} – a group of body cells (not axons or terminals) in a nerve that bring sensory information to the spinal cord} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•{\bf{Sensory receptors}} – detect specific sensory information \{\{nl\}\} - Can be special cells that connect to a sensory neuron \{\{nl\}\} - Can be extensions of a sensory neuron} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Sensory Receptors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Chemoreceptor}} – Chemical concentrations, such as hormones, neurotransmitters and nutrients} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Photoreceptor}} – Light; found in the retina (eye)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mechanoreceptor}} – Stretch and physical movement} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nociceptors}} – Pain} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Thermoreceptor}} – Temperature; found in the PNS and CNS} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neuron Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Nervous tissue consists of neurons that convey electrical signal, and glial cells, which support the functioning of the neurons. Both are present In the PNS and CNS. Glial cells divide and go through mitosis but neurons do not.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glial Cells in the CNS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Astrocytes}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}•Regulate extracellular fluid (ions and neurotransmitters), guide neuron growth during embryonic development, involved in the formation of blood-brain barrier (tight junctions), store glycogen, and form scar tissue.  \{\{nl\}\} •Prevents any unwanted materials from getting into brain fluid \{\{nl\}\} •Regulate ion concentration surrounding neuron, like Na and K are regulated for nerve impulses \{\{nl\}\} •To store glycogen – breaks down glucose to provide neurons with energy when needed.	 \{\{nl\}\} •Blood-brain barrier – connection between cells, prevents any content from moving through the cells, like a zipper.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Microglia}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}•Phagocytic immune cells, can migrate to infected areas and engulf pathogens and dead cells.  \{\{nl\}\} - Fight off infection, use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens or dead cells and debris.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ependymal Cells}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}•Ciliated, produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from contents in the blood.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Oligodendrocytes}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}•Makes up myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of many neurons in the CNS.  \{\{nl\}\} •Very high in fat content \{\{nl\}\} •Protect and insulate axons \{\{nl\}\} •Lipid covering that wraps around the axons of the neurons, but not all of them. Long axons have myelin, not short ones. Myelin acts as an insulator and helps speed up nerve impulses} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glial Cells in the PNS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Satellite cells}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}•Surround neuron bodies located in the PNS (similar to Astrocytes in function regulation of extracellular fluid ions)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Schwann cells }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}•Wrap around axons, have a different structure. Surrounds and forms myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibres. (similar to oligodendrocytes in CNS)  \{\{nl\}\} •Myelin sheath allows for regeneration of neurons - {\bf{No regeneration in the CNS}}  \{\{nl\}\} •{\bf{Nodes of Ranvier}} - spaces between myelin where action potentials (nerve impulses) can be transmitted} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Spinal Cord}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	The spinal cord, which is protected by the vertebral column lies within the bony vertebral column,} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Impulses originate from the brain and travel down the spinal cord before reaching the target tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Spinal cord is important for communication between the brain and body tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	The central, butterfly-shaped area of {\bf{grey matter}} is composed of interneurons, the cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, the entering axons of afferent neurons, and glial cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	The grey matter is surrounded by {\bf{white matter}}, which consists of groups of {\bf{myelinated axons.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Spinal Cord}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1712967399_Grey Matter.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Spinal Cord - Reflexes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•A reflex is a rapid and {\bf{involuntary response}} and nearly instant reaction to a stimulus, also called a {\bf{reflex arc.}} \{\{nl\}\} •They are protective mechanisms that allow us to respond rapidly without needing to take time to consciously think about how to respond.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•A {\bf{monosynaptic reflex}} involves only one synapse connecting the sensory neuron to the motor neuron in the spinal cord.  \{\{nl\}\} •Example: Knee-jerk response, called stretch response} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•A {\bf{polysynaptic reflex}} involves more than one synapse  \{\{nl\}\} •Example: Withdrawal reflex, touching something hot.  \{\{nl\}\} •A withdrawal reflex shields the body from harm, with a sensory nerve detecting pain. For instance, if you touch something hot, your hand moves away before you feel pain because nerves in the spinal cord quickly trigger muscle reactions, like the biceps contracting.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•{\bf{Reciprocal innervation}} means that when one muscle is stimulated, the antagonistic muscle is inhibited – to ensure the correct muscle contracts.  \{\{nl\}\} •Inhibition doesn't happen directly at the muscle level because all neurotransmitters there are stimulative. Instead, inhibition occurs within the spinal cord.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	We can acquire these reflexes through learning. These reflexes are different from the reflex arc – they involve brain and complex movements. Once we learn movements they become like a reflex because of the cerebellum. A portion of the brain that helps learn movements so we don't have to think about them and just perform them.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Central Nervous System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Both the brain and spinal cord are protect by bones – vertebral column protects spinal cord, skull protects brain – as well as:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•{\bf{Meninges}} - 3 protective membranes that wrap around CNS.  \{\{nl\}\} •From external to internal:} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• {\bf{dura mater}} – thick, tough layer that lies next to the skull bones and contains blood vessels \{\{nl\}\} •{\bf{arachnoid mater}} – Has the same spider web appearance as the layer surrounding the spinal cord \{\{nl\}\} •	{\bf{pia mater}} – Contains blood vessels that branch into and throughout the brain} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)}} - Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space that contains the CSF that bathes the brain with nutrients and protects it by absorbing shock when we move around and jump.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Central Nervous System II}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Function of the {\bf{Meninges}}: \{\{nl\}\}•Cover and protect the CNS} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Protect blood vessels} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Contains CSF} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Forms partitions in the skull because of how it dips} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges caused by a virus or several bacteria that can be life-threatening without immediate medical attention} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)}}  \{\{nl\}\} •CSF is secreted by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus. It circulates through the subarachnoid space and ventricles and is reabsorbed. It also goes down to the central canal of the spinal cord} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Brain I}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Four major parts: \{\{nl\}\}•Diencephalon \{\{nl\}\}•Brain stem \{\{nl\}\}•Cerebellum  \{\{nl\}\}•Cerebral Cortex (cerebrum)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diencephalon consists of: \{\{nl\}\}•{\bf{Hypothalamus}} (apart of the endocrine/nervous system) – An integrating centre that helps maintain homeostasis (hunger, growth, temp, water-salt balance) – Endocrine gland that produces hormones.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•{\bf{Thalamus}} – Integrates visual and auditory information and involved in focusing attention. \{\{nl\}\} •Relays information from spinal cord to other regions of the brain and cerebral cortex.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•{\bf{Pineal gland}} – secretes melatonin and regulates biological rhythms – sleep-wake cycles.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Brain II}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Brainstem}} \{\{nl\}\} •All neurons that pass through the spinal cord also pass through the brainstem. It's essential for life and is the {\bf{most primitive brain region,}} found in all animals.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•It contains midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.  \{\{nl\}\}•{\bf{Medulla Oblongata}} – Reflex centres for regulation of breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure (as well as coughing, sneezing, and vomiting).} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• {\bf{Pons}} - Relays information between the cerebrum and cerebellum. • Also plays a role in regulation of breathing •{\bf{Midbrain}} - Regulates muscle (motor) movements} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The Cerebrum}}  \{\{nl\}\}•Made up of the cerebral cortex and subcortical region  \{\{nl\}\} •Grey matter is located in the cortex, white matter in the subcortical region.  •Subcortical region contains the basal nuclei, amygdala and corpus callosum (allows the two halves of the brain to communicate with each other.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Brain II - The Cerebrum}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1712971510_The Cerebrum.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Brain III}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Cerebrum: Lobes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Frontal lobe}} – Primary motor area \{\{nl\}\}•Contains the motor cortex and premotor cortex \{\{nl\}\}•Involved in planning and initiating muscle movements \{\{nl\}\}•Also involved higher thinking functions, goal setting, reasoning, decision making, and regulating the limbic system \{\{nl\}\}•{\bf{Broca's area}} is part of the frontal lobe that {\bf{controls muscles involved in speaking. }}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Parietal lobe}} – primary somatosensory area \{\{nl\}\}•Contains the sensory cortex and associated areas that interpret sensory information \{\{nl\}\}•Receives input from the skin, muscle, and joins. \{\{nl\}\}•Contains our tasting center} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Temporal lobe}} \{\{nl\}\}•	Contains auditory cortex and associated areas that interpret sound  \{\{nl\}\}•Primary area for smell \{\{nl\}\}•Responsible for sense of hearing \{\{nl\}\}•Helps understand speech} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Occipital lobe}} \{\{nl\}\}•Contains the visual cortex and associated areas that interpret visual simuli} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The CNS: Brain III - Lobes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1712971799_Lobes.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limbic System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Is like a primitive brain} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Major roles in emotion, learning, memory, and social interactions. \{\{nl\}\} •Includes parts of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bub and more.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	All the them combined act as a primitive brain} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Sense of smell is highly linked to memories} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	It functions to protect us by reacting rapidly to stimuli \{\{nl\}\} •	Ex. Getting angry and becoming aggressive, feeling sad  and wanting to cry.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Note: Amygdala and hippocampus mostly involves – learning, emotions, and memory}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limbic System}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1712972486_Limbic System.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The PNS: Nerves}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Includes cranial and spinal nerves, and ganglia outside of the CNS \{\{nl\}\}•{\bf{Spinal nerves}} conduct impulses to and from the spinal cord \{\{nl\}\}•{\bf{Cranial nerves}} conduct impulses to and from the brain.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	There are {\bf{12 pairs of cranial nerves}} in the PNS that are attached to the brain} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{31 pairs of spinal nerves}} that emerge from the spinal cord} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Nerves are cable-like bundles of axons, also known as nerve fibres. They are enclosed by a membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{Vagus nerve is in the medulla oblongata. It extends from the medulla in the brainstem through the neck and thorax down to the abdomen.}} \{\{nl\}\} •Motor – Muscles of the pharynx and laynx; thoracic and abdominal organs \{\{nl\}\} •Sensory – Taste buds on tongue and pharynx; thoracic and abdominal organs} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Spinal nerves enter and exit the spinal cord through openings in the vertebrae. They take impulses away from most body parts.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The PNS: Autonomic System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Has 2 divisions: \{\{nl\}\} •Sympathetic and Parasympathetic} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	The heart, many glands and smooth muscles are innervated by both division fibres.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{Whatever effect of one division has on the effector cells, the other division usually has the opposite effect.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Moreover, the two divisions are activated the same way} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	As the activity of one division increases, the activity of the other decreases.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar Division)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Important in responses to short-term stress (fight or flight action)  \{\{nl\}\} •Ex. Accelerate heartbeat, dilate bronchi for increased muscle activity} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Neurons leave the CNS through the thoracic or lumbar spinal nerves.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Short preganglionic and long preganglionic synapses} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Neurotransmitter released by post-ganglionic axon is primarily norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (adrenaline).} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parasympathetic (Craniosacral Division)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Also called 'house-keeping division. This is the 'rest and digest' system.  \{\{nl\}\} •It promotes all the responses that are associated with a relaxed body state. Ex. Slowing of heartbeat, digestion of food.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Neurons leave the CNS through cranial or sacral spinal nerves. \{\{nl\}\} •Long preganglionic and short preganglionic synapses.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) is released by parasympathetic division.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}