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\author{Kayla (Education Help23)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-genetic-inheritance-heredity.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Kayla (Education Help23))
  /Subject (Biology Genetic Inheritance - Heredity Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology Genetic Inheritance - Heredity Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Kayla (Education Help23)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/201049/cs/42509/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Kayla (Education Help23) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/education-help23} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 25th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 25th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms - Alphabetical}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Allele:}} Different form of the same gene} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Continuous Variation:}} Occurs when a phenotype shows multiple variations in a population through multiple genes} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Gene:}} Basic unit of DNA - hereditary material. \{\{nl\}\}It occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Genotype:}} An organisim's genetic information} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Heredity:}} Transfer of traits from parent to offspring} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Phenotype:}} Set of observable traits} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Polygenic:}} Multiple genes contributing to one trait eg. height or weight.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gregor Mendel}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Studied the phenotypes of generations of peas. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Some of the pea plant phenotypes are:  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Purple flowers or white flowers  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- Yellow seeds or green seeds  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- Wrinkled seeds or round seeds  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- Tall or short plants% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alleles}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Humans have 2 alleles for each gene \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{Dominant allele:}} Will mask a recessive gene – {\bf{TT or Tt}}  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
{\bf{Recessive allele:}} Is only expressed when a gene has two of this type of allele – {\bf{tt}}% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genotypes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Homozygous dominant}} genotype: 2 dominant alleles (TT or AA)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Homozygous recessive}} genotype: 2 recessive alleles (tt or aa)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Heterozygous}} genotype: one dominant allele and one recessive allele (Tt or Aa)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{One-Trait Inheritance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The types of gametes that are produced depends on the genotype of the parent cell.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Examples of one-trait inheritance \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
 Cheek dimples \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
 Free or attached earlobes \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
 Freckles \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
One-trait crosses consider only one set of alleles - \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
e.g. HH x Hh \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Remember that a gamete (egg or sperm) has only \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
one allele \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
 e.g. a 'H' or a 'h'% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Punnet Squares}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Can be used to predict genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Steps for a Punnet Square (based on the picture below) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Step 1: Figure our the genotypes of the parents - {\bf{Rr x RR}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Step 2: Place one Parent on the top and one on the outside \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Step 3: Cross them. {\bf{Always make sure to put the capital letter first}}% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Punnet Squares}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708834817_Punnet Square.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Monohybrid Cross}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Both parents are heterozygous (or a hybrid) for a single (mono) trait.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Based on the picture below the trait is freckles.% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Monohybrid Cross}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708835895_f58ef96a-67b8-4e00-bce4-7ccb64ccd647.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ratios}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Genotypic ratio: the number of offspring with the same genotype \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Phenotypic ratio: the number of offspring with the same outward appearance \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
 What is the genotypic ratio for the Monohybrid cross above? \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
 1: 2: 1 (1 FF: 2 Ff: 1 ff) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
 What is the phenotypic ratio? \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
 3: 1 (3 with freckles and 1 with no freckles) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
For a monohybrid cross, 3:1 phenotypic ratio is always expeccted when one allele is completely dominant over the other.% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Test Crossing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Determine whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
The genotype is unknown (Hh or Hh) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Rules of a test cross \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
1. If the cross yeilds 100\% dominant phenotype offspring, the parent is homozygous dominant.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
2. If the cross yeilds 50\% dominant phenotype and 50\% recessive phenotype offspring, the parent is heterozygous.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Example shown in picture below.% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Test Crossing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708837037_1d99bbab-b600-4b43-9a52-90cbe2c5427f.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendelian Laws}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Law of Segregation} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}During formation of gametes, the 2 traits carried by each parent will separate} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Law of Independent Assortment} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The homologous pairs separate into gametes is completely random, so any possible combination can occur.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If the genes for two different traits are found on different chromosomes, we can use a dihybrid cross to look at the possible genotype and phenotype outcomes.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dihybrid Cross}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A cross between two individuals that carry two different traits that determines the probability of the traits being passed onto the offspring.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
A dihybrid is heterozygous for 2 traits.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
A dihybrid cross {\bf{always}} gives a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dihybrid Cross}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708839427_a1baf4ca-7c75-4467-acb4-0612a09e5922.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-Mendelian Inheritance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Polygenic Inheritance}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Multiple genes affect one trait (eg. hair colour, eye color, skin colour)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Incomplete Dominance}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Dominant allele is partially expressed, resulting in an intermediate phenotype \{\{nl\}\}(Eg. Red X White = Pink heterozygous).} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Codominance}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}both alleles are expressed in the hetero- zygote neither is dominant or recessive, but there is no blending} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sex-linked Inheritance}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Traits that are carried on by the sex chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Codominance - Blood Types}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Different combinations of the three blood-type alleles produce four different possible phenotypes, or blood types (A, B, AB, and O) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
I\textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{} and I\textasciicircum{}B\textasciicircum{} are completely dominant over i, and I\textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{} is codominant with I\textasciicircum{}B\textasciicircum{} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{I\textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{} -\textgreater{} dominant allele for blood type A}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\bf{I\textasciicircum{}B\textasciicircum{} -\textgreater{} dominant allele for blood type B}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{i -\textgreater{} recessive allele for blood type O}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
.% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Types Cont'}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708843144_Blood Types.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Type AB blood has no antibodies, any blood can be donated to them - universal acceptor \newline  \newline Type O - universal donor}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{X-linked Influences}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some inheritance patterns depend on which chromosomes the gene is located on. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
The X chromosome contains many genes that are not related to sex characteristics, and those genes are called X-linked (genes on the X chromosome unrelated to sex characteristics). \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
Human X-linked, recessive traits include hemophilia, which is a blood clotting disorder and red-green colour blindness.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Each of these traits are much more common in males than females because males have only one X chromosome and females need to inherit two mutated alleles to have the disease% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Disorders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sickle-cell Anemia} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Autosomal Recessive.}}  The hemoglobin gene is mutated, causing abnormal red blood cell formation and reduced capacity to carry oxygen.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Tay Sachs} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Autosomal Recessive.}} Lysosomal enzyme is mutated, causing brain deterioration leading to death} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cystic Fibrosis} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Autosomal Recessive.}} the chloride channel gene is mutated, causing altered water balance inside of cells, and this leads to excessive mucus production, which impacts the lungs, liver, pancreas, and sweat glands.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Huntington's Disease} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Autosomal Dominant.}} CAG nucleotide repeats are inserted into a gene that affects a protein in the brain.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hemophilia} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Recessive X-linked.}} Affects a gene involved in blood clotting.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}