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\author{Kayla (Education Help23)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-dna-rna-and-protein-synthesis.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Kayla (Education Help23))
  /Subject (Biology: DNA, RNA, \& Protein Synthesis Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology: DNA, RNA, \& Protein Synthesis Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Kayla (Education Help23)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/201049/cs/42519/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Kayla (Education Help23) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/education-help23} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 28th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 28th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms - Alphabetical}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Alternative Splicing}} Some exons forming part of the mature mRNA, other exons doing so at other times, to form alternate amino acid sequences and therefore different proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid):}} Genetic material of humans} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Exons}} Sequences of DNA that translate into amino acid sequences for protein synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Introns}} allow for alternative splicing, which in turn allows one gene to code for multiple transcripts and therefore serve multiple complex cellular functions.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nucleic acids:}} long polymers composed of repeating nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nucleotide:}} pentose sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Promoter Region}} A region of a DNA upstream from the gene that is {\bf{not transcribed}} and that RNA polymerase binds to} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{RNA (Ribonucleic acid):}} Used to make genes into proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{RNA Polymerase:}} An enzyme that transcribes DNA into mRNA.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Semi-conservative}}: Method of DNA replication where the original strands of DNA separate and act as a template for two new strands} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Splicing}}  introns are removed from the pre-mRNA by the spliceosome and exons are spliced back together.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Spliceosome}} removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA,} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms - Alphabetical (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Terminator Sequence}} A sequence of DNA at the end of a gene that causes mRNA molecule to form a hairpin loop, causing the polymerase to dissociate from DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Transcription: }} A Messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from a gene within DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Translation}} Using the mRNA to direct the production of a protein} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Structure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708904926_DNA_ribbon.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Double helix which is composed of 2 strands of nucleotides that are antiparallel  \newline  \newline One strand runs 5' to 3' and the other strand runs in the opposite direction 3' to 5' \newline  \newline The sugar and phosphate make up the backbone while the bases make up the "rungs" of the ladder.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bases}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Larger bases are called {\bf{purines}} and have a double ringed structure: Adenine and Guanine \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Smaller bases are called {\bf{pyrimidines}} and have a single ringed structure: Cytosine and Thymine \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
For DNA \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Adenine (A) \textless{}-\textgreater{} Thymine (T) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Cytosine (C) \textless{}-\textgreater{} Guanine (G) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Remember the pairs: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\bf{A}}pple on {\bf{T}}rees \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\bf{C}}ar in {\bf{G}}arage \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
For RNA \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Adenine (A) \textless{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Uracil (U)}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Cytosine (C) \textless{}-\textgreater{} Guanine (G) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Remember the pairs: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
{\bf{A}}pple are {\bf{U}}nder   \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
{\bf{C}}ar in {\bf{G}}arage% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• The two strands of DNA that form the double helix DNA molecule are {\bf{complementary}} to each other \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
• The hydrogen bonds that hold the base pairs together are {\bf{weak bonds}} and are easy to separate \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
Simplified Steps in DNA replication \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
1. An enzyme called {\bf{helicase}} unwinds the DNA. The hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are broken  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
2. DNA polymerase moves along each strand to unwound DNA and adds the correcr complementary nucleotides \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
3. Breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone are sealed by an enzyme called {\bf{DNA ligase}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
4. The two DNA molecules are identical to each other and to the original parent molecule \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Note: DNA replication is semi conservative \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
• Mistakes can occur during replication. There are repair enzymes that work to fix this. Sometimes an error persists leading to a mutation, and to a genetic and phenotypic variability% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA replication is semi conservative}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication is Semi-Conservative}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• The parental DNA strand is used as a template to synthesize a new daughter stand  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• This happens for both parental strands \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
• Therefore, after DNA replication you get two DNA molecules – each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter (newly synthesized) strand% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Mutations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{How do cells deal with mutations? \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Proofreading}} – Polymerase is able to recognize some mistakes that occur during replication \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Repair enzyme}} – Enzymes that correct DNA mutations} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What if mutations still occur? \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Apoptosis}} – programmed cell death \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Immune cells}} – kill cancer cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What is mutations still occur?  \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Disease}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are different types of DNA mutations  \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Substitution}} – The wrong base or bases are matched \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Insertion}} – An extra base or bases are added in \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Deletion}} – A base or bases are removed \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Insertion and Deletion are the most harmful – results in frame-shift mutations (a change in multiple codons)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Causes:}}  \{\{nl\}\}Mistakes during replication \{\{nl\}\}Transposition \{\{nl\}\}Inherited mutations  \{\{nl\}\}Mutagens and Carcinogens \{\{nl\}\}Viruses \{\{nl\}\}Radiation \{\{nl\}\}Chemicals \{\{nl\}\}Cancer – usually two or more mutations in genes that code for repair enzymes, or genese that affect cell cycle} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1709135531_RNA Structur.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Single stranded nucleic acid molecule transcribed from a DNA gene sequence that codes for synthesis of a protein \newline  \newline Sugar-phosphate backbone}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of RNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ribosomal (rRNA)}} Joins with proteins to form ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Messenger (mRNA)}} carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes (made in transcription)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Transfer (tRNA)}} transfers amino acids to a ribosome where they are added to a forming protein (used in translation)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{End-products of gene expression – take a gene and make it a protein} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Composed of subunits called amino acids} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{20 different amino acids in proteins (that are synthesized on ribosomes)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Central Dogma of Gene Expression}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• The information contained in DNA is stored in blocks – genes \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• The genes code for mRNA, which codes for proteins \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
• The proteins determine how a cell functions \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
• The path of information is DNA -\textgreater{} RNA -\textgreater{} Protein \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
• When gene sequences are used by the cell to make protein, called {\bf{gene expression}}% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Replication (DNA -\textgreater{} DNA) \newline Transcription (DNA -\textgreater{} RNA)  \newline Translation (RNA -\textgreater{} protein)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription Overview}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• mRNA is made from a DNA template \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• mRNA moves to the ribosomes to be read \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
• Transcriptions in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes has 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	The complementary RNA nucleotide for each DNA nucleotide is as follows: \{\{nl\}\}DNA \textless{}-\textgreater{} RNA} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{T A} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{C G} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{G C} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A U} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Initiation}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region on DNA \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
• They help the polymerase locate the beginning of a gene \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
• Most mRNA molecules start with the codon AUG, which serves as the gene's starting point, corresponding to ATG on the coding strand. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\bf{Elongation}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
• RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the template strand of the gene on DNA  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
• This produces the mRNA \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
• This process ensures that the mRNA sequence matches the order of nucleotides in the DNA coding strand, except RNA has uracil instead of thymine.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
• RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction, similar to DNA replication. ATP is needed for RNA polymerase to function. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
{\bf{Termination}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
• Transcription of a gene finishes when the polymerase enzyme encounters a terminator sequence.  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
• The mRNA dissociates and is now free to be translated by a ribosome \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
• DNA remains unchanged, and the mRNA is set for translation.% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1709136316_Transcription.jpg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA Processing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• The freshly formed mRNA, known as the primary mRNA or primary transcript, undergoes three essential steps to transform into a mature mRNA that can only be used as a template for translation \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
• To shield the RNA from degradation, a 5' cap and a 3' poly-A tail are added.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
• Splicing then occurs to eliminate noncoding segments of the gene, known as introns, which don't contribute to the amino acid sequence.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
• The coding parts of the gene, called exons, remain. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
• Spliceosomes, along with specific proteins, remove the introns and splice together the exons, resulting in a shorter mRNA transcript.  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
• The intron sequences, constituting about 90\% of a typical human gene, are not translated.% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA Processing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1709136552_RNA PROCESS.jpg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alternative Splicing}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• During RNA processing, all the exons of a gene are brought together \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• By using different combinations of the same exons, different proteins can be created.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
• So, alternative splicing results in the ability of one gene to produce multiple different proteins.% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In humans, genes may be spliced together in different ways.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Synthesizing a protein from an mRNA sequence on a ribosome \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Ribosomes}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•	consist of two subunits:  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•	a small subunit and a large subunit \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•	mRNA binds to the small subunit. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•	The large subunit has three binding sites, {\bf{A (Amino acid), P (Polypeptide) and E (Exit)}} sites \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
{\bf{Translation Cont'd}}  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•	To correctly read a gene, a cell must translate the information encoded in the DNA into the language of proteins. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
•	The mRNA is "read" in three-nucleotide units called codons. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
•	Each codon corresponds to a particular amino acid. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
•	It is the tRNA molecules that bring amino acids to the ribosome to use in making proteins. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
**Transfer RNA (tRNA) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
•	tRNA molecules each have a special three nucleotide RNA sequence called an anticodon. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
•	The anticodon is complementary to one of the 64 codons of the genetic code \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
•	tRNA molecules also each bind an amino acid at one end.   \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
•	There are more than 20 different tRNA molecules, so some tRNAs bind to the same amino acids. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
{\bf{Translation Cont'd}} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
•	After an mRNA molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit, the larger ribosomal subunit joins, forming a full ribosome.  \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	During translation, the mRNA moves through the ribosome in sets of three nucleotides at a time.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•	As this happens, a fresh tRNA carrying an amino acid to be added enters the ribosome at the A site. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
•	Translation proceeds until a stop codon marks the end of the protein synthesis process. At this point, the ribosome disassembles, and the newly synthesized protein is released into the cell.  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
•	In eukaryotic cells, after translation, proteins undergo folding into secondary and tertiary structures and may undergo additional processing within the Golgi apparatus.% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Code (need to understand for mRNA)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1709136816_Genetic code.png}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Made of 3 bases (nucleotides) \newline • Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a codon that codes for a particular amino acid in translation \newline • There are 64 possible codons \newline • Also called the triplet code \newline •{\bf{'Start'}} refers to the first amino acid in a protein.  (It is almost always a methionine with codon AUG).   \newline •	{\bf{'Stop'}} refers to the signal that indicates that translation is over. \newline • Does not code for an amino acid.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}