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% Document Info
\author{Kayla (Education Help23)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-cellular-metabolism.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Kayla (Education Help23))
  /Subject (Biology: Cellular Metabolism Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology: Cellular Metabolism Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Kayla (Education Help23)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/201049/cs/42522/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Kayla (Education Help23) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/education-help23} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 27th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terms - Alphabetical}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Active Transport:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient through a membrane protein and with input of energy.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Aerobic Respiration: }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Production of ATP {\bf{with}} oxygen} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Anaerobic Respiration: }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Production of ATP {\bf{without}} oxygen} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ADP (Adenosine diphospha)}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cellular Respiration: }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Process of oxidizing food molecules and Reducing NAD1 molecules to produce ATP in various steps} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of Cellular Respiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{4 Macromolecules:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Proteins, Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic acid} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ATP Energy:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate \{\{nl\}\} Primary energy molecule in all cells \{\{nl\}\}Formed by breaking carbon - hydrogen bonds} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Redox Reactions:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Oxidation:}} loss of electrons \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Reduction:}} gain electrons} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Aerobic Respiration:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Requires oxygen and glucose to make ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{During cellular respiration, electrons and hydrogen Ions are moved from one molecule to another.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stage 1 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Glycolysis}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•  Inside cytoplasm \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• Anaerobic  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
• Glucose converted into pyruvate -\textgreater{} Breaks one glucose molcule (six carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons).  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
• NAD\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} reduced -\textgreater{} NADH \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
• 2 ATP produced to start the process  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
• NADH are used by electron transport chain to produce a lot more ATP molecules% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glycolysis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stage 1.5  of Aerobic Cellular Respiration}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Pyruvate Oxidation}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• Electrons and hydrogen ions moving from pyruvate to the electron acceptor NAD\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} to produce more NADH molecules \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
• A carbon atom is removed from each pyruvate, leaving a 2 carbon molecule to combine with coenzyme A.  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
• The final product is acetyl-Coenzyme A {\bf{(acetyl-CoA)}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
• The removed Carbon merges with oxygen making CO2% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pyruvate Oxidation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stage 2 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Krebs Cycle - Citric Acid Cycle}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• Occurs in matrix of mitochondria  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• Aerobic - In this case, does not use up oxygen \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
• Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) -\textgreater{} Oxaloacetic acid (4 carbons) = Citric acid (6 carbons)  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
• During the cycle carbon is removed to produce CO2, electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred to NAD+ and FAD forming NADH and FADH2.  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
• This leaves overall 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The cycle happens {\bf{2 times}}, 1 time for each pyruvate.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kreb Cycle for 1 Pyruvate}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Importance of NADH and FADH2}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes that, when changed into NADH and FADH2, supply the electrons and hydrogen ions needed for the electron transport chain. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
• Proton pumps are proteins in the membrane that transport hydrogen ions across it. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
• These proton pumps are found in the cristae, the inner part of the mitochondrial membrane. They move hydrogen ions from inside the mitochondria to the space between the inner and outer membranes, creating a concentration gradient. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
• The high concentration of hydrogen ions in this space is vital because it stores energy that is used to produce ATP. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
• Due to the tendency of molecules to reach equilibrium, the hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space naturally want to move back into the matrix of the mitochondria. ATP synthase is the protein that allows this movement to occur. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 5)
• Chemiosmosis is the process where a chemical gradient (H+ ions) is used to generate ATP molecules by passing through ATP synthase, which converts ADP into ATP.% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electron Movement through Membrane Proteins}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• As NADH and FADH2 release their hydrogen ions (H+) into the intermembrane space, their electrons pass through membrane proteins. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
• The transfer of H+ ions into the intermembrane space is powered by active transport, with the energy sourced from the movement of electrons through the electron transport proteins.% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrons at the end ofthe ETC}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Once carried by the membrane proteins, hydrogen ions and electrons must unite with oxygen. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• Without this union, they would accumulate in the mitochondria's matrix, causing electrons to react with other molecules and protons to create acidity. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
• Oxygen serves as the ultimate electron acceptor in our cells. The electrons and protons (H+) that traverse the ETC and ATP synthase join with oxygen to create water molecules.% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrons through the electron transport proteins}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708998816_Electron Transport.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of ETC}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/education-help23_1708998899_Overview of ETC.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fermentation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Occurs in the cytoplasm  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• Anaerobic - in the absence of oxygen organisms rely exclusively on • glycolysis to produce ATP \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
• NADH that is made during glycolysis must get rid of electrons to regenerate NAD\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
• With the recycling of NAD\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} glycolysis is allowed to continue% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fermentation Pt 2}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{In Yeasts (Single-celled fungi)}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde, which then accepts hydrogen from the NADH, producing NAD\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} and {\bf{ethanol}}\{\{nl\}\} Used to produce foods such as wine, bread, tea, yogurt} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{In animals}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}• NADH gives electrons and hydrogen atom to pyruvate and becomes NAD\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\} • NAD\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} can continue picking up electrons (recycling) so glycolysis can continue making 2 ATP \{\{nl\}\} • Produces lactate (Lactic acid)\{\{nl\}\} • Is important in humans for a burst of energy for a short time} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}