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% Document Info
\author{echoecho}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (sciences.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (echoecho)
  /Subject (sciences Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{sciences Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{echoecho} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/198358/cs/43233/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}echoecho \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/echoecho} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th September, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{quantum}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- particles can be in multiple states at the same time} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- other dimensions} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- particles can influence each other over great distances} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- entities can be summoned from other realms that exist in the quantum space} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{energy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{hydros -}} utilising fluid in transmitting power} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{energy stored in fields = the total energy required to assemble the fields} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{dissipative}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{something that causes energy or resources to be gradually lost or dispersed. It's like when a material or system absorbs energy and releases it as heat, gradually losing its initial energy or organisation over time.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{fussion v. fission}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{fusion is the process of combining atomic nuclei to release energy, while fission is the splitting of atomic nuclei to release energy.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{fission:}} & the division of a heavy atom into 2 light atoms. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{fusion:}} & two light atoms combine to form a larger atom. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{the phenomena of nuclear fusion and nuclear fission have one unique point in common: the atom.}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{building blocks}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the up quark, the down quark and the electron. This set of particles is all that's needed to make protons and neutrons and to form atoms and molecules.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{self-organised criticality}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{when things in nature, like sand or other systems, arrange themselves in a way that they are always on the edge of something interesting happening, like an avalanche, without anyone making it happen on purpose.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{It's a concept in science that says in some systems, like the sandpile, things can organize themselves to a point where they are about to change or have an "avalanche" without anyone planning or controlling it. It's like nature's way of creating order and chaos all on its own.}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{fluctuation-dissipation theorem}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{fluctuations:}} random variations or noise in a system's properties (temperature, pressure or particle position)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{dissipation:}} process where a system loses energy to its surroundings, often covering kinetic or potential energy into heat. When a system is subjected to an external force, it tends to return to equilibrium, and this return involves dissipative processes.*} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the theorem suggests that the natural jostling of molecules in the coffee (fluctuations) influences how the coffee responds when you disturb it by stirring (dissipation).*} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{hypersonic}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{one that exceeds five times the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{supersonic}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{faster than the speed of sound, or able to fly faster than sound travels.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{metals}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{metal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{aluminum} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{copper} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{iron} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{titanium} \tn 
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% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{hydrocarbon}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{if all fossil fuels are complex hydrocarbons and say all hydrocarbons originate from life; then where did this complex life come from? as complex as life is, my theory is it started from some existing pools of complex hydrocarbons. so, fossil fuels were not formed, they have always been there in one form or another.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{oil is abiotic}}, a product of the earth's magma, and far more abundant than many are aware.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{force fields}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{fields are not some "fairy-tale" fictions just used to compute forces. they are real; they have momentum, stress, energy; they interact with matter, charges; exchange energy and momentum with them.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{energy conservation is a local process which evidently implies electromagnetic field between two interacting charges must mediate the energy and momentum exchange between the charges and hence must have energy density and momentum.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{gravity is an effect}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{it is a fundamental force, the way we experience it, especially under the framework of general relativity, can be described as an {\bf{effect of the curvature of spacetime}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{energy stored in a field}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{concept of fields:}} & grasping the idea of fields and assigning energy to them can be challenging. sometimes, it is simpler to visualize energy stored in objects (like masses) rather than in fields. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{gravitational potential energy:}} & when separating two masses, gravitational potential energy increases. the energy is considered stored in the system of the two masses, not the field. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{electronmagnetic waves:}} & an electromagnetic wave has both electric and magnetic fields, oscillating at right angles, carrying energy. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{maxwell's equations:}} & these demonstrate that energy in electromagnetic waves is stored in the electric and magnetic fields, reinforcing the idea that fields can store energy. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{energy stored in a field (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{work and energy transfer:}} & creating electromagnetic waves requires work, transferring energy to the electric and magnetic fields of the wave. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{thrust}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the force that propels an object forward, typically used in the context of engines or rockets.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{standard deviation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a standard deviation (or σ) is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{luminance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a {\bf{photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling}} in a given direction.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{quantum financial system (qfs)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the name for a theory that stipulates the global financial infrastructure will be migrated to a new system based on cutting-edge technologies such as quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{aes and block ciphers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{AES-256 - the block cipher - as far as we know hasn't been broken. It has not even been close to broken.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{we cannot prove that it is secure. (an algorithm that is able to crack AES may be found.)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{most ciphers cannot be proven to be secure. Only a handful algorithms such as the one-time-pad are secure in the information-theoretical sense.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{tldr: when building a secure system you may use AES-256, it's considered secure even if this cannot be proven. Other aspects of the system are much more likely to fail than AES-256 - the block cipher by itself.}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{one-time pad}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{simulation theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a theoretical hypothesis that says what people perceive as reality is actually an advanced, hyper-realistic computer simulation, possibly overseen by a higher being.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\_}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1718425308_bosons2.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\_}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1718425807_fermions3.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{quantum mechanics}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1718425102_fermions1.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\_}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1718425827_bosons4.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{symmetries}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1718426016_symmetrys.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{atomic nuclei}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{most of the rest mass of matter is in nuclei. What gives nuclei their mass are protons and neutrons and they get most of theirs from the kinetic energy of their constituents.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{h-index}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{measures a researcher's impact by quantifying both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. {\bf{(30-60+ (h-index score good)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{compute chip limitation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{as we continue to miniaturise chips, we'll no doubt bump into Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which limits precision at the quantum level, thus limiting our computational capabilities. James R. Powell calculated that, due to the uncertainty principle alone, Moore's Law will be obsolete by 2036.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{in other words, as we make computer chips smaller and smaller, we'll eventually reach a point where we can't make them any smaller without running into a fundamental limit called Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{this principle says there's a limit to how precisely we can measure certain things at the tiny scale of atoms and particles. This limit will restrict how much we can improve computer performance through miniaturisation. James R. Powell did some calculations and predicts that because of this limit, a famous trend called Moore's Law, which says that the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years, won't hold true anymore by the year 2036.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{brainwaves}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{beats:}} & the difference between two hertz frequencies \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{4hz:}} & enhanced memory \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{10hz:}} & healing, reduced pain \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{cerebral performance enhancement}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{alpha brainwaves:}} & between 8-14hz \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{theta waves:}} & between 4-8hz \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{stimulates catecholamines, essential to learning and memory synchronise both the left and right brain.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{theta brainwaves}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1722560228_Theta Brainwaves • Before and After Synchronization.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{hemi-sync / psycho-acoustics / binaural}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{hardware acceleration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{process where applications offload certain tasks to hardware in your system, especially to accelerate a task more efficiently than is possible in software running on a general-purpose CPU.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{hilbert's 8th problem}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{hilbert's 8th problem encompasses the Riemann Hypothesis, which posits that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have a real part of 1/2, and Goldbach's Conjecture, which asserts that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{chaos theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{explores the effects of small occurrences that can dramatically affect the results of seemingly unrelated events.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 sigma}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{data within three standard deviations from a mean:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1 sigma:}} & about {\bf{68\%}} of data points fall within 1 sigma (1 standard deviation) from the mean. \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2 sigma:}} & about {\bf{95\%}} of data points fall within 2 sigma (2 standard deviations) from the mean. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3 sigma:}} & about 99.7\% of data points fall within 3 sigma (3 standard deviations) from the mean. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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 & 3 sigma = a range that covers almost all the data (99.7\%) around the average value. This concept is often used in quality control and other fields to indicate that something is very unlikely to be an anomaly or error if it falls within this range. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{p-value}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{helps decide whether results are significant in scientific experiment study. (whether the hypothesis has legs or is likely a fluke)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{low p-value (typically less than 0.05, likely effective):}} & your results are probably not due to random chance, and there is likely a real effect or difference. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{high p-value (typically more than 0.05, fluke):}} & your results might be due to random chance, and there may not be a real effect or difference. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{heisenberg uncertainty principle}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{states that it's impossible to simultaneously know both the exact position and exact momentum of a particle, as the more precisely one is measured, the less precisely the other can be known.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{centripetal force}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{force that keeps an object moving in a circular path, directed toward the center of the circle around which the object is rotating.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{intellectual phase locking}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{refers to the scientific community's consensus to fix the speed of light at a constant value, potentially limiting open discussion on alternative measurements or variations .} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{morphic resonance}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{rupert sheldrake's hypothesis that similar forms and behaviours influence each other across time and space through a collective memory field.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{coronal mass ejection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a significant release of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun's corona that can impact Earth's magnetosphere, potentially causing geomagnetic storms.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{default mode network}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1723437016_Default_mode_network-WRNMMC.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{network of brain regions that becomes active when the mind is at rest and not focused on the external environment, often associated with daydreaming and self-referential thoughts.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{henrietta lacks}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cells, taken without her consent in 1951, became the first immortal human cell line (HeLa cells), revolutionising medical research and leading to numerous scientific breakthroughs.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{2.38004 cm} x{1.19002 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{clincal trials (phases)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{pre- clincal:}} & cell studies (in vitro) and animal studies conducted in a laboratory to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and biological activity of a drug or treatment before it is tested in humans. &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{phase 1:}} & (proof of concept) exploratory trials with very small doses to understand drug interaction in humans. & {\bf{several months}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{phase 2:}} & (safe dosing) 20-80 people. try to find safe doses, observe how the drug interacts with the body, and look for side-effects & {\bf{months - 2 years}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{phase 3:}} & (confirmation) dozens-100s people. expands the study to a larger group to assess the drug's efficacy and further evaluate its safety. & {\bf{1 - 4 years}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{fda:}} & regulators review data from trials, consider patient perspectives on benefit vs risk, etc., to determine if drug should be approved &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{2.38004 cm} x{1.19002 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{clincal trials (phases) (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{phase 4:}} & (post-market) 100s-thousands people. studies to gather additional information on the drug's risks, benefits, and optimal use in the general population. & {\bf{up to 5 years}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{discovery and development, preclinical research, clinical research, fda drug review, fda post-market drug safety monitoring \newline  \newline {\emph{77\% or more move forward from phase 1, 33\% move forward from phase 2, {\bf{accelerated approval drugs often go to market after phase 2}}, 15-33\% go to market}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}