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  /Creator (Cheatography)
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  /Subject (philosophy Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{philosophy Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{echoecho} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/198358/cs/43406/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}echoecho \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/echoecho} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th June, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{/}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/echoecho_1715812154_906.jpg}}} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{main tenets of hermeticism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. mentalism} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. correspondence} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. vibration} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. polarity} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. rhythm} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6. cause and effect} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{7. gender} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{-}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" - Aristotle}} (The phrase is also used to explain the importance of Synergy and the foundations of Gestalt theory.)% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{stoic extensionalism}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1.) transform everyone into a teacher.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2.) say no to the easy way, seek out challenges.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3.) be strict with yourself but tolerant of others.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4.) allow the journey to be the thing.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5.) transform envy into emulation.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6.) stand on the shoulders of giants.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{7.) forgive yourself and forgive others.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{8.) fall in love with Fate.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{9.) always practice courage, temperance, and humor.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{10.) remember, the obstacle is the path.} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the idea is that only people who have cultivated virtue and self control in themselves can bring positive change in other. A true stoic does not view their success based on the financial gain of their ventures, but instead its comforted by the fact that they can live a comfortable life without all the things money can buy.*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{four main tenets of stoicism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{wisdom} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{courage} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{temperance} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{justice} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Argument from ignorance}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{X\} is false because you cannot prove that \{X\} is true.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{X\} is true because you cannot prove that \{X\} is false.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{irrelevant conclusion (Ignoratio elenchi)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"Polar bears can't be dangerous because they are cute."} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The fallacy: An irrelevant conclusion happens when the conclusion proved by the author is not the one the author initially tried to prove.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{X\} therefore \{Y\} Where \{X\} is irrelevant in concluding that \{Y\}.} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{irrelevant conclusion (ignoratio elenchi)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"Polar bears can't be dangerous because they are cute."} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The fallacy: An irrelevant conclusion happens when the conclusion proved by the author is not the one the author initially tried to prove.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{X\} therefore \{Y\} Where \{X is irrelevant in concluding that Y.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{appeal to force (argumentum ad baculum)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"I am right. Agree with me or I will break your legs!"} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the fallacy (might is right) is committed when either force or threat of force is used in an attempt to justify a conclusion.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{X\} is true. Either you accept it or you will get hurt.} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"I know it is not part of your duties, but form now on you also need to start cleaning toilets. If you don't, I will have to start looking for someone to take your place."} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{appeal to pity (ad misericordiam)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"The woman should not be found guilty, since it would break her poor children's hearts to see their mother taken to prison," (The sob story or the Galileo argument)} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The fallacy is committed when someone tries to win an argument by exploiting the other persons feelings of pity or guilt.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{X\} is true because not \{X\} would be too sad a state of affairs} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{appeal to majority (ad populum)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An example of this in advertising is: "50,000,000 Elvis fans can't be wrong"} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The fallacy concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most people believe that X is true. Therefore, X must be true.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"The majority chose this government. The majority is always right, therefore everything this government does is right."} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{appeal to emotion (ad passiones)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"father Christmas must be a real person. It would be so sad if he wasn't."} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the fallacy of appeal to emotion is committed when someone tries to manipulate emotions to make their case rather than building a valid rational argument. Such appeal to emotion may invoke: fear, hatred, happiness, pity, sadness and pride.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Begging the question (Circulus in demonstrando)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"God exists because the Bible says so. The Bible is true because God wrote it"} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The fallacy, also known as arguing in a circle. The fallacy of begging the question occurs when an argument assume the position that is in the question without proof.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X because Y, Y because X  =  (circular reasoning)} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Against the person (Ad hominem)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is a type or irrelevant conclusion. Ad hominem seeks to attack someones positon by attacking the character or personal traits of the opponent rather than the argument. Such an attack is based on prejudice or feelings that are irrelevant to the argument.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{X claims Y} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The circumstances or character of person \{X\} are unsatisfactory, or does not act according to \{Y\}. Therefore, claim \{Y\} is implausible or unlikely.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Abusive ad hominem fallacy -}} "The minister for transport is an arrogant, detestable person, so his solutions to solving traffic are deluded'. (There is no correlation between the two, one is basing the conclusion based on the dislike of the person.)} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ad hominem: the circumstantial form  -}} "The mayor just bought a bicycle and wants to use it. Of course, that is his motivation to turn the town centre into a no-traffic area!"} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{this attacks the motivation of an opponent claiming it's a result of personal circumstances leading to a bias in that persons judgement}}*}  \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Appeal to authority (Ad verecundiam)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{x: an expert in field y} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{z: x's position on some issue that does not fall under field y} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{form of the fallacy:}} According to x, who's an authority on y. Therefore, z is true.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{why?}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Aside from it being an obviously good foundation to pursue the practice of law, the study of philosophy is almost like an agility training exercise for the brain.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Foundations of reasoning and logic {\bf{train the brain to bend, twist, and think in directions that it is not used to thinking}}. It almost seems like these guys can intuitively see and predict things that others cannot. It's like extrapolating numerical data based on a set of known values, however it isn't numerical but empirical. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 7)
\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Assimilate it to breaking down a large project into smaller manageable pieces. Philosophy trains you to break down a simple thought or idea into smaller manageable pieces and by doing so having a well-rounded understanding of what that really is on a multi-faceted level. If you're a philosopher at your core this is the way you view the world without even having to think about it, it's second nature to you to break everything down in this way.% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{elenchus (socratic method)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the socratic method of eliciting truth by question and answer, especially as used to refute an argument.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{socratic method for debate (dialectic)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) Interlocutor (participants of the dialogiue) gives initial definition of something} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2) Evaluate the interlocutors claim, pointing out any incongruities} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3) Attempt to fix the incongruity or give a better definition} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4) Utilise the apophatic process} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5) Don't give students a direct answer, offer questions in place of answers} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6) Help students see that there is never one "correct" answer unless all other solutions have been ruled out.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}