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% Document Info
\author{echoecho}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (comp-accounts.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (echoecho)
  /Subject (comp accounts. Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{comp accounts. Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{echoecho} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/198358/cs/42386/}}}
\end{tabulary}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}echoecho \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/echoecho} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th January, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{b/s}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{'snapshot' of a business' assets, liabilities and equity at a single point in time} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{assets: (resources the company owns and uses)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{current assets:}} cash and other assets espected to be turned into cash within next 12 months (short-term)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{→ cash → accounts receivable → prepaid expenses} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{non-current: things company needs to run the business (long-term)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{→ tangible (can touch) → intangible (can't touch)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{liabilities (money owed to others)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{current liabilities:}} everything expected to be paid within the next 12 months} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{→ accounts payable → taxes payable → accrued expenses → deferred revenue} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{non-current liabilities:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{→ long-term loans/debt} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{equity}}: (difference between assets and liabilities, what is leftover after all assets \& paying all obligations)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{→ common stock (capital contributions, money invested in business by owners)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{other comprehensive income (OCI): foreign currency hedge gains and losses, cash flow hedge gains and losses, and unrealised gains and losses for securities that are available for sale.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{retained earnings (accumulated profits held for future use)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{income statement}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{summary of a business revenues and expenses over a period of time.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ {\emph{revenue}} }} & product sales, services rendered \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ {\emph{expenses}} }} & direct (cost of services, cogs) increase in direct proportion to sales made \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{indirect variable costs}} (loosely correlate with business' sales however cant be traced back to production of goods or provision of services) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & advertising, comissions, utilities \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{indirect fixed}} (overhead expenses) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & rent, salaries, insurance, admin, legal, accounting, marketing, deprecation, amortisation (bare no correlation to the sales business made) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{operating profit (EBIT)}} & {\emph{interest}} and {\emph{expenses}} and tax fall below operating profit \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{gross profit margin}} & how efficiently the business is producing and selling their products \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{most important on profit and loss/ income statement is {\bf{net cash provided by operating activities}}}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{p/e}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{p/e =}} net income (profit) - dividends / average outstanding shares of common stock} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{free cash flow (fcf)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the money a company has left over after paying its operating expenses (OpEx) and capital expenditures (CapEx).} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{the more free cash flow a company has, the more it can allocate to dividends, paying down debt, and growth opportunities.}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.08574 cm} x{1.89126 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{d/e}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{\textless{}1:}} & safe \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1-1.5:}} & general good \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2 or higher:}} & high \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{technology and a lot of r\&d:}} & 2 and below \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{large manufacturing and publicly traded:}} & between 2 - 5 \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{banking and finance based business':}} & 10 - 20 is fairly common \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{anything above 5 or 6 = problem}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.53827 cm} x{2.43873 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{link between CX and RevOps}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
if are driving the best experience(s) = & {\bf{growing}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
investing in right opportunities (both with current accounts and other avenues) = & {\bf{right \seqsplit{healthy(sustainable)} revenue}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{it is not investment alone that drives CX, its also the whole infrastructure that has been built up around the operation, as one has to make the same decisions are you are scaling the business, where are you going to put that one dollar of investment when you are growing fast, scaling, define the market and operations - where are you going to get the highest value? }}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{core principles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{assets {\bf{(stuff a business owns)}} = liabilities (for third parties) + equity (for owners) {\bf{(stuff that a business owes)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{adjusted trial balance: bookkeeping worksheet in which the balances of all ledgers are compiled into debit and credit account column totals that are equal.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{important metrics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- fixed assets} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- profit and loss account reserve + security in b/s} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- amount of debt} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- \textgreater{}{\bf{10\% EBITDA margin}} (10-14\% is benchmark)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{trouble}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{company voluntary agreement (CVA)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{high amount of owners draw} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{using mark to market (MTM) for real life assets and static business contracts} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{nature of the business sector should be taken into consideration}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{big 3}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- income statement (p\&l)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- balance sheet} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cash flow statement} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- statement of owners equity / statement of retained earnings} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{boosting cash efficiency}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- reducing the cost base} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- divestment} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- outsourcing = contracting tasks to external companies} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- offshoring = relocating business process to another country} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cost accounting} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- purchasing power parity (PPP)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- promissory notes} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{detecting financial fraud in accounts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- aggressive accounting / creative accounting} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- income smoothing} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- earnings management} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- accounts payable (invoices, ghost companies, round numbers)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- listing inventory and receivables as one line item (inventory + receivables)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- multiple restatements are a problem} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cumulative adjustments instead of restatements} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- use of Non-GAAP measures is bad} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- be wary of EBITDA} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cooking the books = falsifying accounts} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- off-book accounts} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- round tripping} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- overstating revenues by recording future expected sales} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- inflating an asset's net worth by knowingly failing to apply an appropriate depreciation schedule} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- concealing obligations and/or liabilities from a company's balance sheet} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Incorrectly disclosing related-party transactions and structured finance deals} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- accounting anomalies, such as growing revenues without a corresponding growth in cash flows.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- a significant surge in a company's performance within the final reporting period of a fiscal year.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- consistent sales growth while competitors are struggling.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- depreciation methods and estimates of assets' useful life that don't correspond to those of the overall industry.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{detecting financial fraud in accounts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- weak internal corporate governance, which increases the likelihood of financial statement fraud occurring unchecked.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- outsized frequency of complex third-party transactions, many of which do not add tangible value, and can be used to conceal balance sheet debt.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- the sudden replacement of an auditor resulting in missing paperwork.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- a disproportionate amount of management compensation derived from bonuses based on short-term targets, which incentivises fraud.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- using SPEs to conceal debts taken on from other loan providers and leaving it off the balance sheet} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{alteration of a companies financial statements to manipulate a company's apparent health or to conceal profits or losses.{\bf{ \newline  \newline  \newline }}vertical analysis takes every item in the income statement as a percentage of revenue and comparing the year-over-year trends that could be a potential flag cause of concern.}} \newline  \newline {\emph{horizontal analysis represents financial information as a percentage of the base years' figures.{\bf{ \newline  \newline  \newline }}one must always take into consideration that audits }}DO NOT{\bf{ find fraud}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{analysing financial statements}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{complexity, by its nature, provides more opportunities to be fraudulent. Even more for financial institutions.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{with banks, keep it simple -\textgreater{} check the {\bf{CF}} and {\bf{ALM}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ideals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{excellent working capital management} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{negative cash conversion cycle:}} inventory sold before we have to pay for it.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{normal to low debt ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{high liquidity}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Positive NPV \textgreater{} Negative NPV} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{things to take into consideration}} \newline  \newline {\emph{cash is a liability}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{good forma}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- The more deals you look at, the better deals you do & - Risk management is key \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- {\bf{ {\emph{Interest}}}} + {\bf{{\emph{Taxes}} }} are an expense you get depreciation by laying out money ahead of time (worse kind of expense) due to buying an asset first and get the deduction later & - Offset with IP and avoidable taxable events \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{calculus}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{EBITDA margin =}} measure of a company's operating profit as a percentage of its revenue.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{EBITDA margin =}} ebitda / total revenue} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{EBITDA =}} Measure of earnings potential of a business} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{EBITDA =}} I + Depreciation + Amortisation (where I = Operating Income)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{EBIT =}} Operating Profit} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{operating profit/income =}} gross profit - operating expenses} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{gross profit =}} revenue - direct costs} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{net profit =}} operating profit or EBIT - tax} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{debt Ratio =}} If assets where financed debt or own money (if high bad)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{non-current term debt/net income:}} (2-4 years good)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{covariant}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{revenue produced by services arm \textgreater{} product revenue.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{certified financial statement (cfs)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{financial statements audited and certified by external, independent accountants.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{models}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{beneish Model}} evaluates eight ratios to determine the likelihood of earnings manipulation, including asset quality, depreciation, gross margin, and leverage. After combining the variables into the model, an M-score is calculated. A value greater than -2.22 warrants further investigation, while an M-score less than -2.22 suggests that the company is not a manipulator.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{benford's Law}} states "1" tends to occur more frequently as the first digit than other digits, providing a non-uniform distribution pattern. {\bf{(not strict mathematical rule / limitations - data characteristics and sample size)}} {\emph{should be used in conjunction with other models}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{shareholders equity v shareholders reserves}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{shareholders' equity is {\bf{the total ownership interest in a company}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{shareholders' reserves (retained earnings) is one of the components of this equity.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{other components, like common stock and additional paid-in capital, also contribute to the overall shareholders' equity. {\emph{shareholders' reserves specifically focus on the accumulated profits that have not been distributed to shareholders.}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cost of revenue (cor)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the total of all costs incurred directly in producing, marketing, and distributing the products and services of a company to customers.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cost of goods (cogs)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{direct costs incurred in producing or acquiring goods, including the cost of raw materials, cost of labor, and manufacturing.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.60195 cm} x{1.64772 cm} x{1.32733 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{sg\&a expense}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{all the costs of running a business that are not related to the production of the business' good or service.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{selling expenses}} & {\bf{general expenses}} & {\bf{admin expenses}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sales and marketing (s\&m) & rent and utilities & salaries of employees \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
advertising & office supplies, technology costs, and equipment & \seqsplit{accountants} and it \seqsplit{professionals} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
travel costs (in-person selling, trade shows) & insurance & legal and consulting fees \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{selling, general and admin (sg\&a) is expenditure due to supporting the business.}}*}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}