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% Document Info
\author{dolly}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-evolution-of-microorganisms-and-microbiology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (dolly)
  /Subject (The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{dolly} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/183950/cs/38322/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}dolly \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/dolly} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 21st April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Importance of Microorganisms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Who are the members of the microbial world?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Cellular and acellular microorganisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye\{\{nl\}\}- Organisms with no highly differentiated tissues\{\{nl\}\}- Relatively simple in their constructions} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What are the types of microorganisms} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Cellular - Includes Fungi, Protists, Bacteria and Archaea\{\{nl\}\}2. Acellular (Not made up of cells/divided into cells) - Includes Virus, Viroids, Satellites and Prions} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe prokaryotic cells} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Their contents are not divided into compartments by membranes} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe eukaryotic cells} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Have a membrane-enclosed organelles\{\{nl\}\}- More complex morphologically\{\{nl\}\}- Usually larger than prokaryotes} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What are the three domain systems?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Bacteria\{\{nl\}\}- Archaea\{\{nl\}\}- Eukaryotes} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe the domain bacteria} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Usually single-celled organism\{\{nl\}\} - Contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall\{\{nl\}\}- Most lack membrane bounded nucleus\{\{nl\}\}- Ubiquitous and some live in extreme environments} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe the domain archaea} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Distinguished from bacteria by unique rRNA sequences\{\{nl\}\}- Have unique membrane lipids\{\{nl\}\}- Lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls\{\{nl\}\}- Many live in extreme environments} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Importance of Microorganisms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe the domain eukarya} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Include plants, animals, protists and fungi\{\{nl\}\} - Protists are generally larger than bacteria and archaea\{\{nl\}\}- Fungi have metabolic capabilities} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What are the differences between organisms' rRNA?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Archaea SSU rRNA are more similar to eukaryotes compared to bacteria\{\{nl\}\}- Prokaryotes have tRNA on their rRNA\{\{nl\}\}- Prokaryotes have longer rRNA compared to eukaryotes} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe viruses} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Smallest of all microbes\{\{nl\}\}- Require host cell to infect\{\{nl\}\}- Consist of nucleic acid and protein} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe viroids and satellites} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Composed of RNA only but some have DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe prions} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Infectious proteins\{\{nl\}\}- Lack nucleic acid} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{How did the methods used to classify microbes changed?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Before\{\{nl\}\}- Organisms were classified into five kingdoms ( Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae)\{\{nl\}\}- All organisms with prokaryotic cell structures are under Monera\{\{nl\}\}- Prokaryotes are too diverse to be grouped together in a single kingdom so this is invalid\{\{nl\}\}After\{\{nl\}\}- Recent discoveries on rRNA lead to classification into three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes)} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 11)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Different characteristic that distinguish microorganisms from the other} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Bacteria: Contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls\{\{nl\}\}- Archaea: Have unique membrane lipid\{\{nl\}\}- Protists: Usually larger than bacteria and archaea\{\{nl\}\}- Fungi: Have metabolic capabilities\{\{nl\}\}- Viruses: Composed of nucleic acid and proteins\{\{nl\}\}- Viroids: Composed of RNA only\{\{nl\}\}- Satellites: Composed of RNA/DNA\{\{nl\}\}- Prions: Composed of infectious protein only} \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microbiology and Its Origins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Explain the endosymbiotic hypothesis} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Over time the bacterial endosymbiont of ancestral cell in the eukaryotic lineage lost its ability to live independently, becoming either a mitochondrion if it used aerobic respirations or chloroplasts if it was a photosynthetic bacterium} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What are the evidences to support endosymbiotic hypothesis?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar SSU rRNA with bacteria:Mitochondria - proteobacteria while chloroplast and green algae - cyanobacterium\{\{nl\}\}- Peptidoglycan found in chloroplasts\{\{nl\}\}- Mitochondria and chloroplast have similar DNA and ribosomes with Bacteria's} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Explain the hyrogen hypothesis} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- The endosymbiont was an anaerobic bacterium that produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide as end products of its metabolism\{\{nl\}\} -Over time, the host become dependent to the hydrogen produced by the endosymbiont thus it evolved into several organelles\{\{nl\}\}- Perform aerobic respiration: Mitochondria\{\{nl\}\} - Produce ATP through fermentation: Hydrogenosome} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Describe Koch's Postulates} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms\{\{nl\}\}2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture\{\{nl\}\}3. The same disease must result when the microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host\{\{nl\}\}4. The same microorganism must be isolated from the infected host} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microbiology and Its Origins (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is a pure culture?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A medium used to isolated suspected bacterial pathogens} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Why are pure cultures important to Koch's postulates?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- To isolate suspected bacterial pathogens\{\{nl\}\} - Agar is not broken down by most bacteria\{\{nl\}\}- Agar will not melt until it reach 100c and will only solidify if it reach 50c} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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