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  /Title (bacterial-cell-structure.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (dolly)
  /Subject (Bacterial Cell Structure Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Bacterial Cell Structure Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{dolly} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/183950/cs/38324/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}dolly \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/dolly} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 21st April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{A Typical Bacterial Cell}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How does prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Most prokaryotes lack internal membrane system} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are bacterial cell shapes?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Cocci(spheres), Bacilli(rods), Vibrios(comma), Coccobacilli(very short rods), Spirilla(rigid helices), Spirochetes(flexible helices),Mycelium, Pleomorphic(variable in shape)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the examples of smallest and largest bacteria?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Smallest - Mycoplasma\{\{nl\}\}Largest - Epulopiscium fishelsoni} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What causes bacteria to have a particular size and shape?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}To increase the S/V ratio for more efficient nutrient uptake and protection from predator} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Cytoplasmic Structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Types of Cytoskeletons} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Microtubules\{\{nl\}\}- Microfilaments\{\{nl\}\}- Intermediate filaments} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Examples of Cytoskeletons} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- FtsZ\{\{nl\}\}- MreB/MbI\{\{nl\}\}-CreS} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{FtsZ} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Forms a ring at the center of a dividing cell\{\{nl\}\}- Required for the formation of septum that wull separate the daughter cells} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{MreB/MbI} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Only found in rod shaped cell\{\{nl\}\}- Determine cell shape in rod-shaped cell\{\{nl\}\}- Determine cell shape by properly positioning the machinery needed for peptidoglycan synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{CreS} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Rare\{\{nl\}\}- Give bacteria the curved shape} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are inclusions?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Granules of organic/inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Types of inclusions} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Storage inclusions - Storage for nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks\{\{nl\}\}2. Microcompartments- Have specific functions (Carboxymes as example)\{\{nl\}\}3. Gas vacuoles - Provide buoyancy in gas vesicles\{\{nl\}\}4. Magnetosomes- Identify earth's magnetic field} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the Nucleoid?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Location of chromosomes and associated proteins\{\{nl\}\}- Not membrane bounded therefore mix with cytoplasma} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Cytoplasmic Structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How microbes managed to fit their chromosomes into the small space of nucleoid?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Using physical factors - Macromolecular crowding and Supersoiling\{\{nl\}\}2. Using architectural proteins - NAPs (HU Protein)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is Plasmids?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Double -stranded DNA molecules that can exist independently of the chromosome\{\{nl\}\}2. Episomes - Can integrate into chromosome and replicate with the chromosome\{\{nl\}\}3. Contain gene that confer selective advantage to host} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Bacterial Endospore}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is endospores?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Complex, dormant structure formed by rods and cocci bacteria only} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How are endospores structurally different from vegetative cells?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Consist of a core surrounded by several layers varying in composition. \{\{nl\}\}1. Core - Has ribosomes and nucleoid and low water content\{\{nl\}\}2. Inner Membrane\{\{nl\}\}3. Germ cell wall- Contain peptidoglycan that will form a cell wall in vegetative state\{\{nl\}\}4. Cortex - occupy half of the endospore's volume\{\{nl\}\}5. Outer membrane\{\{nl\}\}6. Coat- Composed of a high cross-linked different proteins\{\{nl\}\}7. Exosporium - Made up of glycoproteins} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What makes endospores so resistant to harsh environmental conditions?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}There are various layers to protect its enzymes and DNA\{\{nl\}\}1. The coat - protects the endospores from chemicals and lytic enzymes (lysozymes)\{\{nl\}\}2. The inner core - Extremely impermeable to various chemicals, including those that damage the DNA\{\{nl\}\}3. The core -  High water content, high amount of Ca-DPA, low pH Ph} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Plasma Membranes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How bacterial lipid changes in different temperatures?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Saturation levels of membrane lipid depends on the environment conditions.\{\{nl\}\}1. Hot - Have more saturated and long-chained fatty acid\{\{nl\}\}2. Cold - Have more unsaturated and short-chained fatty acids} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is growth factors?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Molecules that bacteria need for survival but can't synthesize and need to obtain from the environment} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Classes of growth factors} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Amino acids - Protein synthesis\{\{nl\}\}2. Purines and Prymidines - Nucleic acid synthesis\{\{nl\}\}3. Vitamins - Enzyme Cofactors\{\{nl\}\}4. Heme - Hemoproteins} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How bacteria uptake nutrients?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Microbes can only take in dissolves particles across a selectively permeable membrane by passive and active transports} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the transport systems used?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Facilitated Diffusion\{\{nl\}\}2. Active Transport\{\{nl\}\}3. Group Translocation} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Passive Diffusion} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Molecules move down the concentration gradient\{\{nl\}\}2. Water, oxygens and carbon dioxide move across the membrane this way} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Facilitated Diffusion} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Diffusion of molecules across the plasma membrane down the concentration gradient with the assistance of protein carrier/ channel} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Plasma Membranes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Primary Active Transport (ABC Transporter, Uniport)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Uses energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to move substance against a concentration gradients} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Secondary Active Transport (Using proton and sodium gradient, \seqsplit{Cotransport-Symport/Antiport)}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}uses ion concentration gradients to cotransport substances} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Group Translocation (Phosphorelay System)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A molecule is chemically modified as it is brought into the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the advantage of active transport compared to facilitated transport?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Allow bacteria to uptake nutrients when they liv in a low  nutrient concentration environment} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Why microorganisms require iron?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Important for building molecules needed in energy-conserving processes} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is siderophores?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Low molecular weight molecules secreted by bacteria that helps to bind ferric ion and supply it to the cell when the iron uptake is difficult} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Cell Wall}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the types of bacteria based on Gram Stain?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is Peptidoglycan?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Rigid structure outside the cell membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Gram-positive bacteria} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Stain purple\{\{nl\}\}- Thick peptidoglycan\{\{nl\}\}- Contain large amount of teichoic acids(negatively charged)\{\{nl\}\}- Small periplasmic space} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Gram-negative bacteria} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Stain red/pink\{\{nl\}\}- Thin peptidoglycan\{\{nl\}\}- No teichoic acids but have lipopolysaccharides\{\{nl\}\}- Bigger periplasmic space} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Functions of cell wall} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Maintain bacteria shape\{\{nl\}\}- Protect cell from osmotic lysis and toxic materials\{\{nl\}\}- Contribute to pathogenicity} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Peptidoglycan structure are composed of what identical subunits?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Two alternating sugars - NAG and Nam\{\{nl\}\}2. Amino acids - Alternating L- and D- amino acids} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Three amino acids not found in proteins of other organism} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- D-glutamic acid\{\{nl\}\}- D-alanine\{\{nl\}\}- Meso-diaminoplemic acid\{\{nl\}\}- Help to protect the cell wall against degradation by most peptidase} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Peptidoglycan chains are crosslinked by peptides for strength} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Composed of alternating D- and L-amino acids\{\{nl\}\}- Gram-positive bacteria have more cross-linking\{\{nl\}\}- Gram-negative bacteria have lesser crowss-linking} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Cell Wall (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Lipopolysaccharide consist of and its functions?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Lipid A - Endotoxins which is harmful\{\{nl\}\}2. Core polysaccharide - Contributes to negative charge on cell surface\{\{nl\}\}3. Side O chain- Helps bacteria to escape human immune system by changing the O side chain} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the function of Teichoic acids?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Help maintain cell envelope\{\{nl\}\}- Protect from environmental substances\{\{nl\}\}- May bind to host cells} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{External Structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the external structures of bacteria and archaea?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Pili/Fimbriae\{\{nl\}\}- Flagella} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Function of Fimbriae} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Attachment to surface} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Functions of Type IV Pili} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Motility\{\{nl\}\} - Twitching} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Function of Sex Pili} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is Flagella?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Functions of Flagella?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Motility\{\{nl\}\}- Swarming\{\{nl\}\}-Attachment to surfaces} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Each bacterial flagellum is composed of?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Filament\{\{nl\}\}- Hook\{\{nl\}\}- Basal body} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is self-assembly? Why this make sense in flagellum?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- A system's components organize into a functional structures as the result of interactions between the components without external directions\{\{nl\}\}- Because many components of the flagellum lie outside the cell envelope and must be transported out of the cell for assembly} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Components Outside of the Cell Wall}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the outermost layers of bacterial cell and its function?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Glycocalyx (Capsules/Slime Layers)\{\{nl\}\}- S Layers\{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Glycocalyx} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Consist of a network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of the cells\{\{nl\}\}- Capsules and Slime Layer} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Capsule} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Well organized\{\{nl\}\}- Not easily removed\{\{nl\}\}- Resistance to phagocytosis} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Slime Layer} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Unorganized\{\{nl\}\}- Easily removed\{\{nl\}\}- AId in motility} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{S Layer} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Structured layers of proteins/ glycoproteins that self-assemble\{\{nl\}\}- Adhesion to surface} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How does an S-Layer differ from a proteinaceous capsule?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Monomer of S-Layer have the ability to self-assemble} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacterial Motility and Chemotaxis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the types of motility?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Swimming - Flagella\{\{nl\}\}2. Swarming - Flagella\{\{nl\}\}3. Spirochete motility\{\{nl\}\}4. Twitching motility\{\{nl\}\}5. Gliding motility} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bacterial Flagellar Movement} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- A rigid helix that rotates like a propeller to push the bacterium through the water\{\{nl\}\}- CCW- Froward motion\{\{nl\}\}- CW- Cell stop and tumble} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mechanism of Flagellar Movement} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}2 parts of motor producing torque - Rotor and Stator\{\{nl\}\}1. Rotor - C ring and MS ring turn and interact with stator\{\{nl\}\}2. Stator- Mot A and Mot B proteins produce energy through PMF\{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What are the power used by most flagellar motors?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Difference in charge\{\{nl\}\}- Difference in pH} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Swarming} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Occur in group\{\{nl\}\}- Mediated by flagella\{\{nl\}\}- Occurs on moist surfaces} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Spirochete} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}- Flagella located around the cell and remain within periplasmic space\{\{nl\}\}- Rotate when the outer membrane rotate} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Myxococcus spp. exhibit both twitching and gliding motility} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Twitching - Jerky movement brought by the type IV pili\{\{nl\}\}2. Gliding - Smooth} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is chemotaxis?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Movement towards a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}