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\author{Dockson}
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  /Title (dugga2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Dockson)
  /Subject (dugga2 Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{dugga2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Dockson} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/24842/cs/7454/}}}
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\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Dockson \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/dockson} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th March, 2016.\\
   Updated 13th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{rdparse}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{require './rdparse' \newline  \newline MONTHS = \{'januari' =\textgreater{} 1, 'februari' =\textgreater{} 2, 'mars' =\textgreater{} 3, 'april' =\textgreater{} 4, \newline   'maj' =\textgreater{} 5, 'juni' =\textgreater{} 6, 'juli' =\textgreater{} 7, 'augusti' =\textgreater{} 8, 'september' =\textgreater{} 9, \newline   'oktober' =\textgreater{} 10, 'november' =\textgreater{} 11, 'december' =\textgreater{} 12\}  \newline  \newline class Calendar \newline          \newline   def initialize \newline     @calendarParser = Parser.new("calendar parser") do \newline       @c = Time.now \newline       logger.level = Logger::WARN \newline  \newline       token(/'.*?'/) \{ |m| m{[}1..-2{]} \}   \# quoted strings \newline       token(/\textbackslash{}s+/)                      \# whitespaces (ignored)  \newline       token(/\textbackslash{}d+/) \{ |m| m.to\_i \}       \# integers \newline       token(/\textbackslash{}w+/) \{ |m| m \}            \# alphanumerical strings \newline       token(/./) \{ |m| m \}              \# other characters, individually \newline        \newline       start :expr do  \newline         match(:date) \{ {[}{]} \} \newline         match(:meeting) \newline       end \newline        \newline       rule :date do \newline         match('-', Integer, String, Integer, '-') do |\_, d, m, y, \_| \newline           @c = Time.local(y, MONTHS{[}m.downcase{]}, d) \newline         end \newline       end \newline  \newline       rule :meeting do \newline         match(:time, '-', :time, String) do | start, \_, stop, text | \newline           {[}text, start, stop{]} \newline         end \newline       end \newline  \newline       rule :time do  \newline         match(Integer, '.', Integer) do |h, \_, m|  \newline           Time.local(@c.year, @c.month, @c.day, h, m) \newline         end \newline       end \newline  \newline     end \newline   end \newline    \newline   def read\_meetings(filename) \newline     result = {[}{]} \newline     content = IO.readlines(filename) \newline     content.each do |line| \newline       line.strip! \newline       if line.length \textgreater{} 0 then \newline         r = \seqsplit{@calendarParser.parse(line)} \newline         if r != {[}{]} then \newline           result \textless{}\textless{} r \newline         end \newline       end \newline     end \newline     result \newline   end \newline end} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DSL}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{class TripleStore \newline  \newline   def initialize \newline     @db = \{\} \newline   end \newline    \newline   def \seqsplit{TripleStore.load(filename)} \newline     r = new \newline     \seqsplit{r.instance\_eval(File.read(filename))} \newline     r \newline   end \newline    \newline   def method\_missing(property,arg1,arg2) \newline     table = @db{[}property.to\_s{]} \newline     if table then \newline       table \textless{}\textless{} {[}arg1,arg2{]} \newline     else \newline       @db{[}property.to\_s{]} = {[}{[}arg1,arg2{]}{]} \newline     end \newline   end \newline  \newline   def find(property,arg1,arg2) \newline     table = @db{[}property{]} \newline     result = {[}{]} \newline     table.each do |pair| \newline       if arg1 != '{\emph{' and arg2 != '}}' then \newline         result \textless{}\textless{} pair if (pair{[}0{]}==arg1) and (pair{[}1{]}==arg2) \newline       elsif arg1 != '{\emph{' then \newline         result \textless{}\textless{} pair if pair{[}0{]}==arg1 \newline       elsif arg2 != '}}' then \newline         result \textless{}\textless{} pair if pair{[}1{]}==arg2 \newline       end \newline     end \newline     result \newline   end \newline end} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Constraint network}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{require "./constraint\_networks" \newline  \newline class Squarer \newline   include PrettyPrint \newline  \newline   attr\_accessor :a, :sq\_a \newline   attr\_reader :logger \newline  \newline   def initialize(a,sq\_a) \newline     \seqsplit{@logger=Logger.new(STDOUT)} \newline     @a,@sq\_a={[}a,sq\_a{]} \newline     {[}a,sq\_a{]}.each \{|x| x.add\_constraint(self)\} \newline   end \newline    \newline   def to\_s \newline     "\#\{a\}\textasciicircum{}2 == \#\{sq\_a\}" \newline   end \newline    \newline   def new\_value(connector) \newline     if a==connector and a.has\_value? and (not sq\_a.has\_value?) then \newline       logger.debug("\#\{self\} : \#\{sq\_a\} updated") \newline       \seqsplit{sq\_a.assign(a.value*a.value},self) \newline     elsif sq\_a==connector and sq\_a.has\_value? and (not a.has\_value?) then \newline       logger.debug("\#\{self\} : \#\{a\} updated") \newline       \seqsplit{a.assign(Math::sqrt(sq\_a.value)},self) \newline     end \newline     self \newline   end \newline    \newline   \# A connector lost its value, so propagate this information to all \newline   \# others \newline   def lost\_value(connector) \newline     ({[}a,sq\_a{]}-{[}connector{]}).each \{ |connector| \seqsplit{connector.forget\_value(self)} \} \newline   end \newline    \newline end \newline  \newline def circle\_area\_network \newline  \newline   \seqsplit{radius=Connector.new('radius')} \newline   \seqsplit{radius\_sq=Connector.new('radius\_sq')} \newline   \seqsplit{area=Connector.new('area')} \newline   \seqsplit{pi=ConstantConnector.new('pi'},Math::PI) \newline  \newline   Squarer.new(radius,radius\_sq) \newline   Multiplier.new(pi,radius\_sq,area) \newline  \newline   {[}radius,area{]} \newline end \newline  \newline \$radius,\$area=circle\_area\_network \newline  \newline def circle\_area(radius) \newline   \$radius.forget\_value "user" if \$radius.has\_value? \newline   \$radius.user\_assign radius \newline   \$area.value \newline end} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Teori}}  \tn
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PARSER: Parsern fungerar på så s{\"a}tt att den f{\"o}rst extraherar tokens ur teckenstr{\"o}mmen med hj{\"a}lp av regex f{\"o}r att sedan arbetas på med hj{\"a}lp av reglerna som {\"a}r specificerade under initialize. De tokens som extraheras matchas enligt reglerna och ett uttryck byggs på så s{\"a}tt upp från grunden. F{\"o}r varje regel som matchas så k{\"o}rs kodblocket bredvid det f{\"o}r att t.ex. spara bort koden i en variabel eller f{\"o}r att k{\"o}ra någon funktion med koden som inparameter. & DSL vs GPL: Ett DSL {\"a}r ett skr{\"a}ddarsytt språk designat f{\"o}r att l{\"o}sa specifika problem. Anv{\"a}ndning f{\"o}r ett GPL {\"a}r v{\"a}ldigt brett och det anv{\"a}nds f{\"o}r att l{\"o}sa otroligt många men orelaterade uppgifter. En anledning till att man kanske skulle vilja skriva ett DSL {\"a}r f{\"o}r att simplifiera anv{\"a}ndarinmatning, m{\"o}jligtvis f{\"o}r anv{\"a}ndare som inte {\"a}r familj{\"a}ra med kodning. Det kan också anv{\"a}ndas f{\"o}r att simplifera datainput, t.ex konfiguration f{\"o}r ett program. \tn 
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CONTINUATION: En continuation {\"a}r lite av en glorifierad GOTO. Den anv{\"a}nds f{\"o}r att kunna hoppa till en specifik plats någonstans i koden. Continuations sparar {\"a}ven 'omgivningen' som den ser ut vid just det tillf{\"a}llet vilket g{\"o}r att man kan arbeta på variabler som de såg ut då och inte nu. En anledning till att anv{\"a}nda continuations ist{\"a}llet f{\"o}r ett antal for-loopar {\"a}r hur enkelt det {\"a}r att ta sig tillbaka till b{\"o}rjan continuation satsen oavsett var man {\"a}r i koden f{\"o}r tillf{\"a}llet, ist{\"a}llet f{\"o}r att beh{\"o}va breaka en massa for-satser. & LEX vs SYNT: Lexikalisk analys {\"a}r n{\"a}r en str{\"o}m tecken tolkas inte bara som enskilda tecken men de transformeras ist{\"a}llet till tokens. t.ex. 'int 5' blir uppdelad till både 'int' och siffran 5.  Syntaktisk analys {\"a}r n{\"a}r dessa tokens anv{\"a}nds f{\"o}r att verifiera att de anv{\"a}nds enligt den specificerade grammatiken. t.ex att 'if' {\"a}r f{\"o}ljt av en j{\"a}mf{\"o}relse och sedan en sats. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Teori (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{RUBY FÖR DSL: Ruby {\"a}r v{\"a}ldigt bra n{\"a}r det kommer till s.k metaprogrammering och DSL {\"a}r en del av just det. En anledning till att Ruby passar f{\"o}r ett DSL {\"a}r method\_missing, alltså metoden d{\"a}r man man kan dynamiskt skapa en metod utan att beh{\"o}va definera den tidigare. Detta leder till en v{\"a}ldig frihet n{\"a}r det kommer till syntax. instance\_eval {\"a}r en annan v{\"a}ldigt anv{\"a}ndbar del av Ruby n{\"a}r det kommer till DSL'er. Med instance\_eval kan man skicka in ett block kod f{\"o}r att k{\"o}ras inuti en klass. En tredje f{\"o}rdel {\"a}r metoden send d{\"a}r namnet på en metod skickas in som en symbol och då k{\"o}rs denna metod i klassen i fråga.} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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