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\author{jjanana (djjang2)}
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  /Title (identifying-and-analyzing-costly-risks.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (jjanana (djjang2))
  /Subject (Identifying \& Analyzing Costly Risks Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Identifying \& Analyzing Costly Risks Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{jjanana (djjang2)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/130831/cs/26218/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}jjanana (djjang2) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/djjang2} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 20th January, 2021.\\
   Updated 20th January, 2021.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RISK ANALYSIS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/djjang2_1611128386_software-engineering-risk-management-activities.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RISK ANALYSIS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk Analysis}} - Involves examining identified risks; Deciding on risk treatment options; and Evaluating the effectiveness of existing risk control measures.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Quantitative Analysis}} - Uses numerical data and calculations. \{\{nl\}\}Assigns values to consequences \& their probabilities to calculate a numeric indication of the level of risk.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Qualitative Analysis}} - Measures risk based on the significance of its consequences. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Subjective and uses ratings such as high, medium, low.}} \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Should include a clear explanation of the bases for each rating.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Traditional Accident Analysis}} - Help risk mgrs identify the causes of accidents and choose the best risk control techniques. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Basic causes of most accidents incl. Poor Management, Safety Policy, and Personal or Environment factors.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Risk Assessment Methods}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/djjang2_1611126883_Risk Assessment Methods.jpg}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Qualitative Risk Analysis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/djjang2_1611126753_11.3_Perform_Qualatative_risk.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MONTE CARLO SIMULATION}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Used to model the probability of different outcomes in a process that cannot easily be predicted due to the intervention of random variables; It is a technique used to understand the impact of risk and uncertainty in prediction \& forecasting models.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A computerized statistical model that simulates the effects of various types of uncertainty.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Model focuses on specific variables in a project, such as revenues, interest rates, gross margins, and costs}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Results are compiled into probability distributions representing possible outcomes}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RISK IDENTIFICATION: Team Approaches:}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Facilitated Workshops}}: Group discussions facilitated by risk mgmt professionals who meet with the firm's leaders, key employees, and other stakeholders. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Facilitator encourages brainstorming and follow up discussions.}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{A neutral party administers a risk workshop \& propels group to achieve its goal.}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Delphi Technique}}: Group of experts make independent projections through anonymous questionnaires that should move towards consensus - group members do not meet face-to-face. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{adv (+)}}: cheaper, anonymous responses avoid group bias and encourage honest answers \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{disadv (-)}}: experts' opinion are limited to their own thinking and may not produce forward thinking.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Scenario Analysis}}: Identifies risks \& predicts the potential consequences of those specific risks. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{adv (+)}}: identifies a range of potential consequences and helps risks mangers prioritize risk \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{disadv (-)}}: analysis could miss key risks, results are limited by members' imaginations} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{HAZOP (Hazard \& Operability Study)}}: Comprehensive review of a system or process. \{\{nl\}\}Team of experts and stakeholders meets in a facilitated workshop to identify the risks associated with a process and to recommend possible solutions.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Ideal for when all risks need to be eliminated}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SWOT Analysis}}: Assesses the firm's internal strengths \& weaknesses and the firm's external opportunities \& threats. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Team approach used for analyzing specific new projects/products; Should conclude with a go or no go recommendation.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ACCIDENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Change Analysis}} - Projects the effects of a proposed change or combination of changes on the safety and reliability of an existing system. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Appropriate for EXISTING systems, not proposed systems.}} \{\{nl\}\}ex) Before changing a trucking fleet from gas to diesel engines, project new safety hazards for drivers, mechanics, service suppliers, and general public.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Job Safety Analysis (JSA)}} - Dissects a repetitive task into steps \& identifies potential hazards for each step, focusing on human error. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Appropriate for repetitive human tasks performed in a stable environment or where a person must act safely to avoid accidents, not appropriate for to entirely mechanical tasks.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Sequence of Events (Domino Theory)}} - Holds that accidents result from human failings. \{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Domino Accident: Chain of Events}} \{\{nl\}\}1. Ancestry \& Social environment - Person's genetic background \&/or environment cause undesirable character traits (recklessness, stubbornness). \{\{nl\}\}2. Fault of Person - Person's undesirable character traits cause him to commit unsafe acts or to create physical or mechanical hazards. \{\{nl\}\}3. Unsafe act or physical/mechanical hazard - The unsafe act (horseplay, ignoring safety requirements) or hazard (open flames near flammable substances, lack of proper lighting) causes an accident.\{\{nl\}\}4. Accident - The accidental event (falling persons, uncontrolled fire) causes injury. \{\{nl\}\}5. Injury - The undesirable final event (fractures, lacerations, burns).} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 15)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ACCIDENT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Technique \& Operations Review approach (TOR)}} - An approach to accident causation that views the cause of accidents to be a result of mgmt's shortcomings. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Holds that accidents result from management failures.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{TOR approach}}: (7) categories of Management faults: \{\{nl\}\}1. Inadequate coaching; \{\{nl\}\}2. Failure to take responsibility; \{\{nl\}\}3. Unclear authority; \{\{nl\}\}4. Inadequate supervision; \{\{nl\}\}5. Workplace disorder; \{\{nl\}\}6. Inadequate planning/organization; \{\{nl\}\}7. Personal deficiencies.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Energy Transfer Theory}} - An approach to accident causation that views accidents as energy that is released and that affects objects, including living things, in amounts or at rates that the objects cannot tolerate.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RISK CONTROL}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Risk Control}}: A conscious act or decision not to act that reduces the frequency and/or severity of losses or makes losses more predictable.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{(5) Basic Principles:}} \{\{nl\}\}- Accidents \& unsafe acts/conditions reveal management system failures; \{\{nl\}\}- Certain controllable circumstances produce severe injuries; \{\{nl\}\}- Mgmt should manage safety like any other function, by setting and achieving goals; \{\{nl\}\}- Mgmt procedures for accountability produce effective line safety; \{\{nl\}\}- Safety's function is to locate and define accident causing operational errors by tracing accidents to their root causes \& controlling them.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RISK CONTROL GOALS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pre-Loss Goals}}: Aims to reduce the amount or extent of damages or injuries incurred in a single event. {\emph{Applied before a loss occurs.}} \{\{nl\}\}- Economy of Operations \{\{nl\}\}- Tolerable Uncertainty \{\{nl\}\}- Legality \{\{nl\}\}- Social Responsibility} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Post-Loss Goals}}: Focuses on emergency procedures, salvage ops, rehabilitation, public relations, and legal defenses. {\emph{Applied after a loss occurs.}}\{\{nl\}\}- Survival \{\{nl\}\}- Continuity of Operations \{\{nl\}\}- Profitability \{\{nl\}\}- Earnings Stability \{\{nl\}\}- Social Responsibility \{\{nl\}\}- Growth} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Techniques used to support these goals}}: \{\{nl\}\}- Ensure Business Continuity \{\{nl\}\}- Implement Effective \& Efficient risk control measures \{\{nl\}\}- Comply with Legal Requirements \{\{nl\}\}- Promote Life Safety} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Root Cause Analysis (RCA)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Root Cause: Basic Characteristics}}: Specify; Identify; Control; and Recommend. \{\{nl\}\}1. {\bf{Specify}} - Root cause is expressed as a specific underlying cause, not as a generalization. \{\{nl\}\}ex) operator removed safety guard, NOT operator error. \{\{nl\}\}2. {\bf{Identify}} - Root cause can be reasonably identified by understanding the reason why it happened. \{\{nl\}\}3. {\bf{Control}} - Root cause must be expressed as something that can be modified. \{\{nl\}\}ex) Failure to maintain a backup generator, NOT lightning that caused power failure. \{\{nl\}\}4. {\bf{Recommend}} - Root cause must produce at least 1 effective recommendation for preventing future reoccurrence of the event.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{(RCA) Weaknesses (-)}}: \{\{nl\}\}- Only looks backwards (doesn't consider future causal factors) \{\{nl\}\}- Can fail to identify all root causes \{\{nl\}\}- Can only be done or reviewed periodically (not continuous)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Root Cause Analysis (RCA)}} - Used in proactive management to identify predominant cause of loss. \{\{nl\}\}Uses a step by step evaluation to identify the underlying cause of an unwanted outcome.\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{A 'factor' is considered the root cause of a problem if removing it prevents the problem from recurring.}} \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{A 'causal factor', conversely, is one that affects an event's outcome, but is not the root cause.}} \{\{nl\}\}*Typically used after an event has occurred, but it can be used to predict events and to solve problems proactively, rather than only retroactively.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 12)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Root Cause Analysis (RCA) (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Root Cause Analysis Process - (4) steps}}: \{\{nl\}\}1. {\bf{Collect Data}} - Risk Mgr must obtain complete info about the circumstances, the facts, and causes of the event. \{\{nl\}\}2. {\bf{Chart Casual Factors}} - The agent that directly results in one event causing another event. \{\{nl\}\}3. {\bf{Identify root cause/causes}} - Once all the casual factors are identified, the risk Mgr uses mapping or flow charting to determine the underlying reasons for each casual factor. \{\{nl\}\}4. {\bf{Implement recommendations}} - Risk Mgr identifies \& implements achievable recommendations for preventing recurrence of the event. \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Final product is a root cause summary table that incl. recommendations for each root cause identified for each casual factor.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Root Cause Analysis: (5) Approaches}}: \{\{nl\}\}1. {\bf{Safety-based RCA}}: Arose from accident analysis \& occupational safety and health. \{\{nl\}\}2. {\bf{Production-based RCA}}: Arose from quality control procedures for industrial manufacturing. \{\{nl\}\}3. {\bf{Process-based RCA}}: Similar to production based RCA, but also includes business processes. \{\{nl\}\}4. {\bf{Failure-based RCA}}: Arose from failure analysis and is used mainly in engineering and maintenace. \{\{nl\}\}5. {\bf{Systems-based RCA}}: Combines the other 4 approaches w/ concepts from change mgmt, risk mgmt, and systems analysis concepts.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 12)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LOSS CAUSE: Physical, Human, and Organizational}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Physical Cause}} - The failure of a tangible or material item, such as a defective part.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Human Cause}} - Occurs when human error or inaction is the root cause of an accident, such as operator error or improper maintenance.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Organizational Cause}} - Results from faulty systems, processes, or policies.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CH.3 VOCAB}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Energy Transfer Control}}: approach to accident causation that views accidents as energy that is released and that affects objects, including living things, in amounts or at rates that objects cannot tolerate.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Technique of Operations Review (TOR)}}: approach to accident causation that views cause of accidents to be a result of management's short-comings} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Change Analysis}}: analysis that projects the effects of a given system change is likely to have on an existing system} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Job Safety Analysis (JSA)}}: analysis that dissects a repetitive task, whether performed by a person or a machine, to determine the potential hazards if each action is not performed} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Monte Carlo Simulation}}: model that stimulates the effects of various types of uncertainty may have on a process. Another approach to solving complex problems and predicting outcomes.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Delphi Technique}}: decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face to face but respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Scenario Analysis}}: identifies risks and predicts the potential consequences of those specific risks} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Causal Factors}}: agents that directly result in 1 event causing another} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Facilitated Workshops}}: a risk workshop administered by a neutral party and propels group to achieve its goals} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CH.3 VOCAB (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{HAZOP (Hazards and Operability Study)}}: team of subject matter experts and stakeholders identifies the risks associated with a given process and recommends a solution ({\emph{ideal for when all risks need to be eliminated}})} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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