\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{dhooper8} \pdfinfo{ /Title (cranial-nerves-exam-1.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (dhooper8) /Subject (Cranial Nerves Exam 1 Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{15B4BF} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F0FAFB} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cranial Nerves Exam 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{dhooper8} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19730/cs/2698/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}dhooper8 \\ \uline{cheatography.com/dhooper8} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 12th May, 2016.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oculomotor Nerve}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ocularmotor Nucleus} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Nucleus is located in the mesencephalon at the level of the superior colliculi, in front of the periaqueductal gray matter.} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Innervation} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Medial, Superior, Inferior rectus muscle. Inferior Oblique. Levator palpevrae superioris} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Edinger-Westphal Nucleus} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Parasympathetic fibers -{}-\textgreater{}cillary ganglion-{}-\textgreater{}sphincter of the pupil \& cillary muscle} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Perlia Nucleus} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Located between the EW nucleus -{}-\textgreater{}Convergence of the eyes} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Intersitital nucleus of Cajal} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Intergrates vertical gaze} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oculomotor Nerve Lesions}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Symptoms} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Dialation of Pupil, No direct or indirect pupilary light reflex, no accomidation refex, ptosis} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclear Lesion} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Midbrain lesions} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nerve Lesion} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Supratentorial space occupying lesion causes transtentorial herniation of the medial temporal lobe (uncus) and Compresses the ocularmotor nerve} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Argyll-Robertson Pupils} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Bilateral loss of pupliary light reflex, but no loss of accomidation -{}-\textgreater{} Tertiary Syphilis, MS, Diabetes, Syringobulbia, Pineal Tumor} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Adie Syndrome} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Very slow constriction and accomodation -{}-\textgreater{} widespread autonomic disturbance or neuropathy (effects young women)} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Acuity Exam}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Visual acuity is tested with Snellen charts - \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) 6 lines at 6 meters away. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) If the patient normally wears glasses/lenses, then this test should be assessed both with and without their vision aids. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) If there is marked loss of acuity, examiner should determine distance at which patient is able to count fingers.% Row Count 9 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Field Exam}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The field of vision is the space in which an object can be seen while the eye remains fixed at one point.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lateral: 90-100 Medial: 60 Upward: 50-60 Downward: 60-75} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Confrontation Method} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Cover one of the patients eyes, ask patient to fix sight on your nose, bring your finger into the field of vision from all four directions, asking them to respond when they see it. -{}-\textgreater{} Detects Hemianopias} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 6) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{, Two Eye Confrontation Method} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Using both eyes, ask patient to fix sight on your nose, out strech your arms and ask pacient to grab your finger when hands come into visual field. -{}-\textgreater{} Temporal field defect if doesnt grab finger until crosses midline -{}-\textgreater{} can also detect visual neglect} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 7) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Field Defects}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Concentric Contraction} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Narrowing of the range of vision on all sides -{}-\textgreater{}Optic Atrophy} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Homonymous Hemianopia} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Loss of vision on temporal half of one eye (ipsilateral to lesion) and nasal half of the other eye -{}-\textgreater{} Lesion posterior to optic chiasm} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Wernicke's Hemianopia Phenomenon} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Also loss of pupilary light reflex in the effected side of the retina because lesion is after ocular motor nucleus} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Heteronymous Hemianopia} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Loss of vision in either both nasal, or both temporal fields -{}-\textgreater{} Damage to the optic chiasm (Superior visual field effected first)} \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bitemporal Hemianopia} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Caused by pituitary adenomas, or any other parasellar/suprasellar tumors- meningiomas, craniopharyngiomas. Also aneurysms, trama, and hydrocephalus.} \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 5) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Binasal Hemianopia} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Rare, caused by atherosclerosis, or bilateral aneurysms of the internal carotid, and in demyelinating disorders.} \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Horizontal Hemianopias} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Very rare, Unilateral loss of the lower half of the visual field -{}-\textgreater{}Anerior lesion of the optic nerve in ischemia of the optic nerve head.} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 4) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Quadrantanopia} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Loss of one quadrant in the field of vision. Lower quadrant-{}-\textgreater{}Damage to fibers radiating through parietal lobe and terminate on upper lip of the calcarine fissure. Upper quadrant -{}-\textgreater{}Damage to fibers radiating through temporal lobe (Meyers loop) and terminate on lower lip of calcarine fissure.} \tn % Row Count 36 (+ 8) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Field Defects (cont)}} \tn % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cortical blindness} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Bilateral lesions of the primary visual cortices} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Scotomas} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Blind spots in the field of vision. (+) are seen as dark spots by patients. (-) are not noticed by the pacient. -{}-\textgreater{} Disease of retina or optic nerve} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examination of Ocular Movements}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Position of eyes when looking straight ahead} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Note any deviation} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Verbal Commands} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Ask patient to look L R U D} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pursuit Movements} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Fix patients head and ask them to follow your finger as it moves the 9 cardinal positions of gaze.} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Is the gaze conjugate, are there restricted movements, nystagmus, or diplopia?} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Vergence Movements} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Have the patient focus on your finger 60cm away, then as its gradually brought closer.} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Have patient fix eyes on a target while you passively move their head side to side and up and down. The gaze should remain stable. Can also preform the calorisation test.} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 5) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Caloric Reflex Test} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Introduce warm water (44°C or above) into the external auditory canal. It will cause the endolymph in the ipsilateral horizontal canal rises, causing an increased rate of firing in the vestibular afferent nerve. This situation mimics a head turn to the ipsilateral side. Both eyes will turn toward the contralateral ear, with horizontal nystagmus (quick horizontal eye movements) to the ipsilateral ear if brainstem intact.} \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 11) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Saccasdes} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Ask the patient to fix their gaze, then alternate it between objects. What is the accuracy and velocity? Are there corrective saccades?} \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trochlear Nerve}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Trochlear Nucleus} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Located in the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculli in the periaqueductal grey matter directly below the ocularmotor nerve. Its fibers cross and leave the midbrain dorsally. (only one)} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 6) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Innervates} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Superior Oblique (contralateral due to crossing)} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclear/Nerve Lesion} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Most common-{}-\textgreater{} direct facial trama. Also brainstem contusion, MS, rupture of posterior cerebral aneurysms or superior cerebellar artery, cavernous sinus disorders.} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bielschowsky sign} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Symotoms - Head tilted to normal side, upon tilting the head to the abnormal side, diplopia becomes prononced} \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abducens Nerve}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Abducens Nucleus} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Is located in the midline of the tegmentum of the lower pons beneath the floor of the IV ventricle. The internal knee of th facial nerve wraps around it. The nerve leaves the pns and runs up the clivus and joins the III and IV nerve in the cavernous sinus.} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 7) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Innervation} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Lateral Rectus Muscle} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclear Lesion} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Bilateral paralysis due to paramedial pontine infraction due to basilar artery stenosis with ipsilateral paralysis of conjugate gaze because the abducens nucleus also innervates via the medial longitudinal fasciculus the contralateral medial rectus muscle.} \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 7) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nerve Lesion} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Bilateral paralysis due to increased ICP. Ipsilateral paralysis due to Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome, neuroborreliosis (lymes disease) and botulism toxicity.} \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Voluntary Vertical Eye Movements}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cortical Center} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex-\textgreater{}anterior limb of the internal capsule-\textgreater{}rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Parinaud Syndrome} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Unable to look upward -{}-\textgreater{}Pineal Tumor compressing the posterior commisure} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Voluntary Horizontal Eye Movements (Sarccades)}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cortical Center} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Fibers leaving the Frontal Eye Field (Broadman 8) cross at the midbrain/pons border and terminate in the Pontine Reticular Formation -\textgreater{} Abducens Nucleus -\textgreater{} Medial Longitudinal Fascicle to the contralateral Oculomotor Nucleus.} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 6) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Internuclear Opthalmoplegia} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}