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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Marketing Unit 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 19th November, 2015.\\
   Updated 10th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Marketing Research}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The process of assessing the viability of a new product or service through techniques such as surveys, product testing and focus groups. Market research allows a company to discover who their target market is and what these consumers think about a product or service before it becomes available to the public. Market research may be conducted by the company itself or by a third-party company that specializes in market research. Test subjects are usually compensated with product samples and/or paid a small stipend for their time.% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ways to Position}}  \tn
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Positioning Premise & Marketers have to be prepared to alienate some consumers if they want to attract certain other consumers \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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Long-term Postioning & Marketers try to select a position that their product can maintain for a long time. It is very difficult to do this with technological innovation. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
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Relevant Positioning & Marketers have to make sure that the position of the product is important to the consumer. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
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Clear and Coherent Positioning & Marketers need to make sure that the consumers can understand their positioning \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
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Distinctive Positioning & You have to give your consumers a reason to choose you over the competition \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Qualitative and Quantitative Data}}  \tn
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Qualitative Data & Quantitative Data \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Deals with descriptions. & Deals with numbers. \tn 
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Data can be observed but not measured. & Data which can be measured. \tn 
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Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc. & Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc. \tn 
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Qualitative → Quality & Quantitative → Quantity \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prototype}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A first, typical or preliminary model of something, especially a machine, from which other forms are developed or copied.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Time Utility}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ensuring a product is available when the customer wants it adheres to time utility. Consumer demand for products varies depending on the weather, holiday season or everyday wants and needs. For example, the demand for warm coats increases during the winter, and the demand for Christmas, Halloween or Easter decorations increases when these holidays approach, while the demand for soda and other soft drink products may remain the same throughout the year because customers can drink these products at any time.% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5 Types of Positioning}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Benefit Positioning: Positioning based off of a benefit provided by the product} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Target Positioning: Positioning based on focusing the target market} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Price Positioning: Positioning based on the amount a product costs and the image that comes with that cost} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Distribution Positioning: Positioning based on the way a product is distributed} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Service Positioning: Positioning based on services provided to customers and consumers who are purchasing the product.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Marketing Concept}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The marketing concept is the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Internal Sources of Data}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Information created by the operation of an organization that includes sales, purchase orders, and transactions in inventory instead of the data being created by an independent study or database.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Focus Group}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A demographically diverse group of people assembled to participate in a guided discussion about a particular product before it is launched, or to provide ongoing feedback on a political campaign, television series, etc% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brand Licensing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is a process of creating and managing contracts between the owner of a brand and a company or individual who wants to use the brand in association with a product, for an agreed period of time, within an agreed territory (Dora the Explorer Band-aids, superhero toothpaste)% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cost-Benefit Analysis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A process by which business decisions are analyzed. The benefits of a given situation or business-related action are summed and then the costs associated with taking that action are subtracted.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Feasibility Study}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An analysis of the ability to complete a project successfully, taking into account legal, economic, technological, scheduling and other factors. Rather than just diving into a project and hoping for the best, a feasibility study allows project managers to investigate the possible negative and positive outcomes of a project before investing too much time and money.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brand}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Is the emotional and psychological relationship you have with your customers. All the features that make up a product's image. Could be a name, a visual symbol, or a slogan.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reasons for Packaging}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Function} & The purpose of product packaging is to protect the product from damage. Product packaging not only protects the product during transit from the manufacturer to the retailer, but it also prevents damage while the product sits on retail shelves. Most products have some form of packaging. For example, soups must have a container and package while apples may have packaging for transport but not to sell the product from the produce department of the local grocery store. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Attraction} & How a product is packaged may be what attracts the consumer to take a look on the product as is sits on store shelves. For this reason, many companies conduct extensive research on color schemes, designs and types of product packaging that is the most appealing to its intended consumer \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Promotion} & Packaging also plays an important role for portraying information about the product. Outside packaging may contain directions on how to use the product or make the product. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Product Life Style}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Product life cycle is the cycle through which every product goes through from introduction to withdrawal or eventual demise. Has 5 stages; Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Decline and Turning Point.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brand Name}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A brand name could be either corporate dominant or product dominant. Corporate branding involves marketing various products or services under the name of a company (Coca-Cola). Product branding, on the other hand, is a marketing strategy wherein a business promotes and markets an individual product without the company name being front and center in the advertising campaigns or even on the product labelling (Big Mac).% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Possession Utility}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Possession utility is the value consumers put on purchasing a product and having the freedom to use the product as it was intended or finding a new use for the product. For example, many people use flower pots for planting, but these pots have other uses such as storage for small objects found around the house or as a centerpiece for the dining room table.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Open-ended and Close-ended Questions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Close-ended questions are those which can be answered by a simple "yes" or "no," while open-ended questions are those which require more thought and more than a simple one-word answer.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Consumer-tracking}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Customer tracking is the process of gathering and organizing information related to customer activities. An example of customer tracking is the gathering of click through information for customers as they navigate through a web page or a series of web sites.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Logo}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A graphical mark used to identify a company, organization, product or brand. Logos can be displayed alongside - or in lieu of - a company's name in order to generate awareness of the company's association with a particular product or service. The particular graphic used may be a stylized version of the company lettering (such as a wordmark), an actual object that exists in real life, or abstract (such as a shape unrelated to the company lettering).% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Idea Generation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The process of creating, developing, and communicating ideas which are abstract, concrete, or visual. The process includes the process of constructing through the idea, innovating the concept, developing the process, and bringing the concept to reality.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proprietary}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Or or relating to an owner or ownership% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Features-Benefits}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Features are what makes your product stand out from the crowd – they describe what it is, what makes it valuable, extraordinary or essential for the consumer. Describing a benefit shows the reader what a particular feature can do for them, tells them why they should buy the product.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Test Market}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Geographic areas selected for a limited-scale introduction of a new product and/or a marketing plan. A test market serves as a field-laboratory which simulates some or all factors associated with a full scale or national launch of the product. It generally includes at least on city that is a hub of commercial and media activity in that area and is surrounded by, and well connected to, several suburbs. Multiple test market locations allow evaluation of different pricing schemes, advertising media, promotional techniques, and other components of a marketing strategy.% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Survey}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A detailed study of a market or geographical area to gather data on attitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction level, etc., by polling a section of the population.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Slogan}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Simple and catchy phrase accompanying a logo or brand, that encapsulates a product's appeal or the mission of a firm and makes it more memorable.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hard Data and Soft Data}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hard data is a form of information about a certain topic, like numbers or facts, that can be proved. Soft data is a form of information about a certain topic that are hard to measure, like people's opinions or feelings.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Random Sample}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A sampling method in which all members of a group (population or universe) have an equal and independent chance of being selected.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brand Extension}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A common method of launching a new product by using an existing brand name on a new product in a different category. A company using brand extension hopes to leverage its existing customer base and brand loyalty to increase its profits with a new product offering.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Motivation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inventions and Innovations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In its purest sense, "invention" can be defined as the creation of a product or introduction of a process for the first time. "Innovation," on the other hand, occurs if someone improves on or makes a significant contribution to an existing product, process or service.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Primary and Secondary Data}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Primary data is information collected by the party that will be using it for that specific purpose. Secondary data is information collected by someone else for some other purpose (but being utilized by the investigator for another purpose).% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Information Utility}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A service bureau that maintains up-to-date databases for public access.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Position}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Positioning is a marketing strategy that aims to make a brand occupy a distinct position, relative to competing brands, in the mind of the customer (to create top-of-the-mind awareness in a consumer).% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Co-Branding}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Co-branding is an arrangement that associates a single product or service with more than one brand name, or otherwise associates a product with someone other than the principal producer. The typical co-branding agreement involves two or more companies acting in cooperation to associate any of various logos, color schemes, or brand identifiers to a specific product that is contractually designated for this purpose. The object for this is to combine the strength of two brands, in order to increase the premium consumers are willing to pay, make the product or service more resistant to copying by private label manufacturers, or to combine the different perceived properties associated with these brands with a single product. An example of this would be Dell computers with Intel processors.% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}