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  /Title (political-geography-aphg.pdf)
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  /Subject (Political Geography - APHG Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Political Geography - APHG Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{{[}deleted{]}} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/21138/cs/3950/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}{[}deleted{]} \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/deleted-21138} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 22nd April, 2015.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Initial Understandings}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nation}} - a group of people bound together by a common political identity \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{State}} - an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.  It has a permanent population, occupies defined territory, and has sovereignty. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 5)
{\bf{Nation-state}} - a state where the territory of the state corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity (or nation). \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
{\bf{Sovereignty}} - independence from control of its internal affairs by other states% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Deeper Understandings}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Territoriality}} are attempts to control pieces of the Earth's surface.  The study of this has led to {\bf{geopolitics}}, the study of the spatial and territorial dimensions of power. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
The first states were {\bf{city-states}} in the Fertile Crescent.  These early states were comprised of a city and the surrounding countryside. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
A major influence in recent times has been {\bf{self-determination}}, the concept that ethnicities have a right to govern themselves.  This has fueled aspirations in {\bf{stateless nations}} like the Kurds who identify as a unique nation but do not have a state of their own. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 6)
States that comprise multiple ethnicities are {\emph{multi-ethnic states}}.  If these ethnicities have histories of self-governance, it is considered a {\bf{multi-national state}}.  Multinational states are common in regions with {\bf{superimposed boundaries}} such as Africa, and are inherently less stable than nation-states. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 7)
{\bf{Irredentism}} is the annexation of territories belonging to another state on grounds of common ethnicity or historical possession.% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gerrymandering}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power is called {\bf{gerrymandering}}. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\emph{Wasted vote}} spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\emph{Excess vote}} concentrates opposition supported into a few districts. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
{\emph{Stacked vote}} links distant areas of like minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Boundary Disputes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are 4 primary types of boundary disputes. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{Positional disputes}} are arguments over where the border actually is (ex: historical Texas boundary with Mexico) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
{\bf{Territorial disputes}} are arguments over who owns a region (ex: Kashmir) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{Resource disputes}} are arguments over natural resources that lie in border areas (ex: Iraq-Kuwait oil disputes prior to Persian Gulf War) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
{\bf{Functional disputes}} are arguments over what policies should govern a border region (ex: current US-Mexico border disputes)% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Government Classifications}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{States are classified as a {\bf{democracy}} when citizens can elect leaders and run for office.  They are classified as an {\bf{autocracy}} when the state is non-democratic and ran in the interests of the leader.  An {\bf{anocracy}} is a mixture of the two forms.  Democracies are notable for their democratic selection of leaders, citizen participation in the political process, and checks and balances within the government. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 9)
States are classified as {\bf{unitary}} if they concentrate power into a single central government.  States are considered {\bf{federal}} if they divide the power between the central government and regional sub-units.  {\bf{Confederal}} states attempt to spread the power between the sub-units while maintaining a weak central government, but there are no lasting examples of this today. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 8)
{\bf{Democratization}} describes the reality that the world is becoming more democratic.  We are currently in the {\emph{3rd Wave of Democratization}} (1st - Developed naturally over time; 2nd - Decolonization; 3rd - Collapse of dictatorial rulers)% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theory}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ratzel}} - State is like a living organism, with a birth, death, and predictable rise \& fall of power \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Heartland (Mackinder)}} - Control of the Eurasian "pivot area" would give a country the natural and human resources necessary to dominate the world \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
{\bf{Rimland (Spykman)}} - Eurasian rim the key to global power.  Because this area is so vast and diverse, it was unlikely to fall under one state's control, thus maintaining a global balance of power% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Boundaries \& Shapes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Physical boundaries}} include {\emph{mountain}}, {\emph{water}}, and {\emph{desert}} boundaries.  {\bf{Cultural boundaries}} include {\emph{geometric}} boundaries (straight lines on the map) and {\emph{ethnic boundaries}} (differences in religion, language, etc) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
{\bf{Compact}} states are efficient because the distance from the center to any side of the state is roughly equal, allowing for good communications. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\bf{Elongated}} states are long and narrow, but may suffer from communcation and transportation problems. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
{\bf{Prorupted}} states appear compact except for a large projecting extension.  This extension either grants the state access to a resource or divides two other states. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
{\bf{Perforated}} states completely surround another state (ex: South Africa) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\bf{Fragmented}} states are divided geographically.  This can create difficulties in government, trade, and travel. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
States that lack access to the ocean are considered {\bf{landlocked}}.  States with very small territories and populations are known as {\bf{microstates}}.% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Supranational Organizations}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{States group together into {\bf{supranational organizations}} - cooperating groups of states that operate on either a regional or international level \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{United Nations (UN)}} - 193 states as members, serves as a platform for dialogue between countries.  All UN members sit in the {\emph{General Assembly}}, but 15 sit on the {\emph{Security Council}}, which is the only body that can authorize military force.  5 countries (USA, UK, France, Russia, China) have permanent seats on the SC and also hold veto power. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 7)
{\bf{NATO}} - Military alliance initially designed by the USA to prevent the spread of communism \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
{\bf{Warsaw Pact}} - Mutual-defense alliance between Eastern European satellite states and Soviet Union.  Now defunct. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
{\bf{COMECON}} - Promote trade amongst communist states. Now defunct. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\bf{European Union (EU)}} - Initially formed to help Western Europe recover from WW2.  Expansion has included majority of Eastern Europe.  Key goals are economic and political cooperation.  The EU has moved towards {\bf{integration}}, with members pooling their sovereignty to gain collective political, economic, and social power (ex: unified {\emph{monetary policy}} - introduction of the Euro) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 8)
Other organizations include the {\emph{Organization of American States}}, {\emph{Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe}}, the {\emph{African Union}}, {\emph{Arab League}}, and the {\emph{British Commonwealth}}.% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forces on States}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Centripetal forces}} bind together the people of a state, making them stronger.  Examples might include a common religion, common language, schools, or {\emph{nationalism}} (loyalty to ones nation). \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{Centrifugal forces}} destabilize a government and encourage a state to fall apart.  Examples might include differences in religion, ethnicity, and language.  {\emph{Separatist movements}} represent one of these forces, where nationalities demand independence from the state. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 6)
As a reaction to some centrifugal forces, states might resort to {\bf{devolution}}, transferring power from the central government to regional governments in an attempt to appease the unhappy group.% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Last few terms}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Terrorism}} - the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demand \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Politicization of Religion}} - the use of religious principles to promote political ends and vice versa \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
An {\bf{enclave}} is a landlocked piece of territory that is separated from the rest of the state.  An {\bf{exclave}} is similar, but lies on a coast rather than being landlocked. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
Sometimes physical barriers such as mountain ranges create {\bf{shatterbelts}}, or zones of great cultural complexity, because groups are able to retain unique identities due to their relative isolation. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 5)
A {\bf{colony}} is a territory that is legally tied to a different state, rather than being sovereign.% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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