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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{American Government Exam 3 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 30th November, 2022.\\
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Institutions and American Government}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Importance of Political Institutions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
David Hume & argues for institutions and laws and regulations to prevent abuse of power \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Defining Institutions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
agency & capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choice \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
structure & recurrent patterned arrangements, which limit and influence choices and opportunities \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{institutions according to....} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Anthony Giddens (1984) & "institutions by definition are the more enduring features of social life" \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rom Harre (1979) & "an interlocking double-structure of \seqsplit{persons-as-role-holders} or office-bearers and the like, and of social practices incolcing both expressive and practical aims and outcomes" \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Douglas North (1990) & "rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction. In consequence they structure incentives in human exchange, whether political, social, or economic" \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{What do Institutions Accomplish?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{help us understand the world and structure life} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Formal versus Informal Institutions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
formal & written, generally accepted, established, who holds power is clear, law establishes them \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
informal & some rules, interpretable, different ways to do it, unwritten (ex parties), no law establishing them or dictating their existence \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{How are institutions important for politics?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
channeling preferences & incentives and disincentives \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
influencing preferences & institutions influence how people make decisions \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Constraints with institutions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
exclusionary & only certain people are part of it and have access and this happens naturally \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
rigidity & same processes all the time, which becomes an issue if there is something systematically wrong with the institution, good to predict the process \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Overcoming these Restraints}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 22
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plan & join institution, acquire power to make change \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
issue & this takes time and by the time you get enough power, you tend to want to maintain the system or outside pressures make it extremely difficult to make change \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Understanding the U.S. Congress}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Theories of Representation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
formal respresentation & to be duly elected or appointed to act on another's behalf \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{descriptive/demographic} representation & to reflect the underlying social or political composition of your district \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
symbolic representation & the extent to which legislative behavior is acceptable to your constituents \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
substantive representation & legislative responsiveness to constituents on matters of public policy \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
delegate & vote as your constituents dictate \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
trustee & use your own judgement when it comes to voting \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
politico & do what is necessary to win elections and increase influence \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{What do Members of Congress do?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
Work of the Chamber & voting on legislation, serviving on committees and sub-committees, crafting legislation/bills, participating in party caucuses \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
standing committee & permanent panels identified as such by chamber rules \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
select or special committee & established generally by a separate resolution of the chamber (e.g. conduct investigations and studies, consider measures) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
joint committees & permanent panels that include members from both chambers (conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Constituency service/casework & immigration, military personnel/service academies, social security issues, tours/flags, internships, grants/domestic assistance, "super casework" \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{"Home Style" (Richard Fenno)}} & focuses on what representative do in their district not Washingotn \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Fenno argues that Congressmen view their constituencies in four shrinking concentric circles} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
1. Geographic (geographic districts) & all potential voters and regions \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. Reelection (electoral supporters) & "who is likely to vote for me?" \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Primary (primary supporters) & "who is actually going to do work for me?" \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
4. Personal (candidate's intimates) & family, close friends, and trusted advisors \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
What influences members of congress' votes? & ideology, voters/constituency, influential colleagues, congressional staff, political party, the president, lobbyists/interest \seqsplit{groups/PACs/Pollsters} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Understanding Modern Congress}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{It is a "reformed" Congress}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The Early Days} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- in the early 1900s, power in the house was held by the speaker} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- a revolt against Speaker Joe Cannon (R-IL) occurred on March 17, 1910. After two failed attempts to curb Cannon's absolute power in the House George Norris (R-NE) led a coalition of 42 progressive republicans and the entire delegation of 149 Democrats in a revolt. With many of Cannon's most powerful allies absent from the Chamber, but enough Members on hand for a quorum, Norris introduced a resolution that would remove the Speaker from the Rules Committee and strip him of his power to assign committees} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- after the revolt, power was concentrated in the committee chair. Committee assignments, as well as who chaired the committees, was determined by seniority (benefited southern conservative democrats because they dominated elections)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The Reforms} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- In the 1950s and 1960s, the seniority system was challenged & LBJ became "master of the Senate", the Speaker of the House, and the majority party caucus takes a greater role in determining committee assignment, sub-committees become more important for legislative processes \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 11)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
- In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Congress became more "professionalized" & increased pay and staff plus the franking privilege \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Effects of the Reformed Congress} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Party and the majority party leader become more important in legislation} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Members increase their ability to campaign for (and win) re-election} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Re-election means everything and incumbents have a big advantage}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- In 2020, Congressional approval averaged 23\%. And yet, 90\% of the House Members and 91\% of Senators who sought re-election won last November} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- The seeming paradox between the low regard with which people hold Congress and the high rate of re-election of incumbents points o a simple reality: People hate Congress but (generally) like their Member of Congress} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
- Why do incumbents win re-election? & they bring back money, jobs, and projects for their district/state, they build name-recognition through constituency service, local visibility, and personal contacting (franking privilege), they raise a great deal of money (and much more than challengers), They tend to run in districts where the underlying distribution of partisans favors them \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 18)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Re-election is a big deal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Every 10 years there is a Census of the US which determines how many members a state gets in the House of Representative (appointed)} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Every 10 years states have to re-draw their district (re-districting) to make sure that an equal number of people are in each district (so you have to re-draw the lines even if your overall number of representatives doesn't change)} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- states get approximately one representative per 710K people (WY, ND, and VT have fewer than that but get one representative each)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- drawing the district lines can be done in a way to maximize (or minimize) the seats that a party gets per vote (gerrymandering)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Court Requirements for re-districting & contiguity, compactness, historical connectedness \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Congress has polarized}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- partisan difference score is trending up at high historical numbers (lows in 1950s)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Members of Congress don't look like the rest of the country}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
female & 20\% in the Senate versus 53\% in the US \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{white}
black & 2\% in the Senate versus 13\% in the US \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hispanic & 3\% in the Senate verus 18\% in the US \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{white}
attorneys & 51\% in the Senate versus \textless{}1\% in the US \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
college degree & 100\% in the Senate versus 40\% in the US \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{white}
military service & 20\% in the Senate versus 13\% in the US \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Professionalism, Redistricting, and Gerrymandering}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{*Professionalism of State Legislation} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
components & salary and benefits, time demands of service, staff and resources (more of all of this = more profesional; basically how much is this considered a full time job?) \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Where does TX rank? & about \#15 and we've been getting more professionalized over time, CA has been \#1 for a long time \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Aspects of TX Legislature}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Filibuster in TX Legislature & only allowed in the Senate, no eating or drinking in the Senate Chamber, member of the Senate required to stand at their desk to address the Senate (no sitting, leaning, use of desk or chair in any way and bathroom breaks are not allowed), other Senators can raise objections if a speaker does not confine their remarks to the issue under consideration or if their voice is inaudible, the speaker is given two strikes by the presiding officer about violating rules for decorum or debate (after third violation, Senate votes on point of order, id it is sustained Senator speaking must yield the floor) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 30)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Chubbing & practice of one or more members of the legislature debating bills at great lengths to slow down the legislative process (frequently practiced on those legislative days which have deadlines near the end of the session, occurs in both the House and the Senate) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 84
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{The redistricting Battle in TX}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 85
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2001 Regular Session & increase in population, increase in seats, and population movement, districts as is favored Democrats, debate over redistricting to even field and was decided by commission (4R and 1D), resulted in more Republican representatives \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 12)
% Row 86
\SetRowColor{white}
2003 Regulat Session & redo congressional districts, Democrats protested; protesting failed so they left the state (so state troopers couldn't return them to the Chamber) to prevent quorum from being met, the Democrats came back when it was decided not to vote on this during this session \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 14)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Congress (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 87
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2003 First Special Session & Governor Perry called session to try to redistrict, Democrats denied the bill, and special session ended \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 88
\SetRowColor{white}
2003 Second Special Session & Governor Perry called another special session, the Democrats left the state again, which angered the public so enough Democrats came back to meet quorum, they voted and the Republicans got more influence and representative \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 12)
% Row 89
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Future of Gerrymandering}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 90
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- racial Gerrymandering is illegal} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 91
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- but the Supreme Court stays out of partisan Gerrymandering} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{The Power of the Presidency}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Imperial v. Imperiled}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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The Imperial Presidency (Schlesinger) & 1. unrestricted Presidential War-Making Power 2. Too many Emergency Powers 3. Too Much Diplomacy Through Executive Agreements 4. Assertion of Executive Privilege 5. Right to Impound Appropriated Funds \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
The Imperiled Presidency & 1. War Powers Resolution (1973) 2. The National Emergencies Act (1976) 3. Case Act on Executive Agreements 4. Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974) 5. Both Houses must approve non-funding of projects already approved by Congress \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 12)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{10 Commandments of \seqsplit{Presidential-Congressional} Relations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. The president must "know the deck" (power structure and influence)} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. The president needs a good sense of timing} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. The president needs to establish his priorities} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{4. The president should consult with party leaders prior to undertaking major policy initiatives} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{5. The president needs to follow through on his proposals} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{6. The president needs a first-rate congressional liaison staff} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{7. The president should respect Congress as a co-equal institution} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{8. The president should specifically seek bi-partisan support for his programs} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{9. The president needs to be able to compromise} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{10. The president needs a sound program} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{How a President Gets What He Wants}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Presidential Persuasion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Presidents have a hard time getting things done, so they need to be able to persuade Congress to get things done} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
agenda setter & Congress and the media pay attention to what the president says, causing that to get on the agenda \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Power of the Veto & Veto power is more concrete than the power to inform because it gives the president power to prevent bills passed by Congress from becoming law, this doesn't initiate policy and allows for better negotiation with Congress \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pocket Veto & once a bill passes through Congress, POTUS has 10 days to sign/veto; if Congress is in session and the POTUS doesn't sign the bill it becomes a law; if Congress is not in session and the POTUS doesn't sign then no law \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
line item veto & POTUS authority to negate particular positions of a law, granted by Congress in 1996, struck down by Supreme Court in 1998 \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 22
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Going Public}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{this is a strategy that uses public as support for himself and his policies in Washington, which is seen as going over the heads of fellow politicians and was popular in the second half of the twentieth century} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Institutionalized Pluralism & structure of politics where only elites matter \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 25
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- political exchange amongst a dense setting that spreads resources among actors and identifies bargaining partners} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- in providing stable bargaining environment informal rules are institutionalized ("honor one's commitments" and "don't use force")} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 27
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Protocoalitions & dense networks of Congressional Bureaucratic and Interest Group Leaders \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Public opinion and elections are seen as disruptions to stability & using public opinion is akin to using force \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Individualized pluralism} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 30
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A system of independent members who have fewer and weaker groups or institutional loyalties & less interest in short-term sacrifices for long-term benefits; politics has intruded on relationships in Washington \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
Reasons for change & expansion of welfare state increased size and number of groups interested in national policy, modern communication has made it easier for citizens to be aware of the details of Washington, decay of parties amongst voters and policymakers \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
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Public Opinion and Individualism & going public has its risks ("read my lips" and Clinton and the Health Care reform), president must calculate risks \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
Outsiders verus Insiders & change in party nominations provided outsiders more opportunities, outsiders used to going public which created difficulties when it comes time to negotiate, divided government (unified government breeds internal conversations while divided government breeds public conversations) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 14)
% Row 34
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Presidential Lobbying}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 35
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Players in the Game & supportive leaders, opposing leaders, pivotal voters \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 36
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House of Representatives & majoritarian institution (435 members, need 218 votes in order for a bill to pass, the 218th House member or median voter is the pivotal voter in the House \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 37
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Senate & super majoritarian institution because of filibuster (need 60 Senators to invoke cloture, 60th senator is the pivot point in the Senate \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 38
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Additional Considerations & status quo and POTUS' political capital \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 39
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Tools of Persuasion & agenda setting, creating policy, bringing the public's attention to policy, lobbying \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 40
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Lobbying strategies & vote centered (when new policy is close to status quo), agenda centered (when new policy is far from status quo) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 41
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Presidential Leadership & prioritizing problems, extreme status, quo, drafting policies, devising strategy, executing, principles v. pragmatism \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 42
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Theories of the Presidency}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 43
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{The "Hats" Theory}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 44
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Understanding presidential action requires understanding which job he is performing...} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 45
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Chief Executive & Kennedy issues Executive Order to establish Peace Corps \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 46
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Commander in Chief & G.W. Bush sends U.S. troops to Iraq \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Head of State & G.H.W. Bush entertains Queen Elizabeth at the White House \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
Director of Foreign Policy & Nixon visits China \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Head of Political Party & Reagan campaigns for Republican Congressional candidates \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 50
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Economic Guardian & Clinton balances federal budget \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 51
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Legislative leader & Johnson signs Voting Rights Act \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 52
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{The Two Presidencies Theory (Wildavsky)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 53
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The "Two Presidencies" Theory states that Presidents operate in two different realms: Foreign Policy and Domestic Policy} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 54
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Presidents end up preferring to conduct foreign policy because they are less constrained by partisan politics and Congress} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 55
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{The Sub Presidencies Theory (Cronin)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 56
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Crisis Management & Cuban Missile Crisis (foreign affairs), Depression in 1929 and Economic melt down in 2008 (Aggregate Economics), Watts riots in 1965 and LA riots in 1992 (domestic policy) \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 57
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Symbolic Leadership & United Nation's Address (foreign affairs), State of the Union Address (Aggregate Economics and Domestic Policy) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 58
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Priority Setting/Program Design & Nixon to China (foreign affairs), FDR's New Deal (aggregate economics), Obama's Health Care Initiative (Domestic Policy) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Recruitment/Leadership} & Biden's cabinet: General Lloyd Austin for Secretary of Defense (foreign affairs), Biden's cabinet: Janet Yellen for Secretary of Treasury (Aggregate economics), Biden's cabinet: Merrick Garland for Attorney Genral (domestic policy) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 12)
% Row 60
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Presidential Power (Neustadt)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 61
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. President's Power is the power to persuade and bargain (not the power to command)} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 62
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. The American system is one of shared not separate power} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 63
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. Sources of the President's Power (the formal position of the presidency, professional reputation, public prestige} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 64
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{4. The president often is more constrained in the executive branch than when he goes to Congress, where he gets to propose things} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 65
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{The "Presidential Personality"Theory (Barber)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 66
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Presidential behavior is hugely affected by the psychological tendencies of the president & world view (positive v. negative) and style (active v. passive) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 67
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Active Postive & JFK, Theodor Roosevelt, Bill Clinton, George w. Bush \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 68
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Active Negative & Richard Nixon and Lyndon Johnson \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 69
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Passive Positive & Ronald Reagana dn Dwight Eisenhower \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 70
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Passive Negative & Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 71
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Understanding the Bureaucracy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 72
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Defining the Bureaucracy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Bureaucracy is the hierarchical organization designed to perform a particular set of tasks (implementing laws)} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Bureaucrats as Lawmakers}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{white}
Chevron v. National Resources Defense Council (1984) & Established legal standard for upholding an agency's authority to write law in a specific area \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 76
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Patronage}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 77
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{when jobs, contracts, favors given to political allies (spoils system)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{white}
Pendleton Act & 1883 Legislation passed to create Civil Service Commission, Employees are chose according to educational qualifications, performance on exams, and work experience, patronage lives on (ex. POTUS' cabinet) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 11)
% Row 79
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Principal Agent Problem}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{white}
principal & gives directive \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 81
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agent & carries out directive \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 82
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problem & in government there are too many principals \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 83
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Neutral Competence (Hugh Hecto) & giving best work to principal regardless of person because loyal to the position no the party nor the person, smooths communication, neutral party-wise (you carry out wishes of party in power but knowing that you will have to switch sides when someone new comes in) \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 84
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Bureaucratic Drift} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 85
\SetRowColor{white}
Bureaucrats have preferences that may differ from those of elected officials & mandates given to agencies can be vague, which allows expert bureaucrats some flexibility to solve problems, this flexibility or discretion can be abused by bureaucrats who wish to substitute their own preferences for that of elected officials \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 13)
% Row 86
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
changes in preferences of elected officials present difficulties for bureaucrats & many do not wish to conform to the expectations of new officials, they may prefer the old way of doing things or prefer to honor the original statute and not the newly elected officials, Civil service employment protection makes drift less costly to bureaucrats \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 14)
% Row 87
\SetRowColor{white}
Coalition Drift & bureaucracy tries to catch up to new changes in president, house, or senate party, occurs when the other party takes control \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Presidency (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 88
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Bureaucratic Oversight}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 89
\SetRowColor{white}
police patrol & preventative, costly (time and resources), patrol, check on everyone \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 90
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
fire alarm & go where emergency is, not preventative nor costly \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 91
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Reforming the Bureaucracy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 92
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{hard because people benefit from current institution so they don't want to change} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Judicial Policy Making and Judicial Processes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Courts as Policy Makers}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Robert A. Dahl & To Consider the Supreme Court of the United States strictly as a legal institution is to underestimate its significance in the American political system. For it is also a political institution, an institution, that is to say, for arriving at decisions on controversial questions of national policy \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 15)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
examples of courts not writing laws but influencing its interpretation & Health Care reform, Same Sex Marriage, Campaign Financing, Immigration, Abortion \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The Courts can influence the policy process because of the perceived legitimacy of their decisions & the courts have no power to enforce their decisions, reliant on perceived legitimacy to have Congress and the President enforce their decisions \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{This is seen as increasingly partisan and president and legislation become increasingly dependent on the courts} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Establishing Judicial Review}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Judicial Review & the power to declare laws null and void if the law is unconstitutional; not explicit in constitution; an implied power \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Marbury versus Madison} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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Facts of the case & Part of the Rivalry between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson administration refused to deliver appointments made by Adams' administration; Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed appointee to request a court order to force granting of appointments; the act gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 16)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Problem for the Supreme Court & Jefferson saw the court as antagonistic to him because they were appointed by Adams ("A hospital of decayed politicians"); A ruling in favor of Marbury would be ignored by Jefferson administration; A ruling in favor of Madison would confirm the Court is subordinate to POTUS \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Decision & Marbury did have the right to receive his commission; portion of Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction was unconstitutional (only constitution can establish original jurisdiction for Supreme Court); Therefore the Supreme Court could not order the Jefferson administration to deliver the appointment \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
Ramification of Decision & established the ability of the Court to strike down a law as violating the Constitution ("It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is"); allowed the Court to sidestep political controversy and establish itself as an independent institution \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Application of Judicial Review}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Rational Application & the Court is concerned that Congress may attempt to circumvent their decision, creating a worse policy outcome; In response to striking down law A, Congress passes law B, which is a worse law in the Court's eyes \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 11)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Institutional Maintenance & Fear of Congressional or Presidential retribution for striking down a law may lead the court to keep a law in place \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
Types of attacks on the Court's institutional maintenance & using Senate confirmation power to select certain types of judges, enacting constitutional amendments decisions, impeachment, withdrawing Court jurisdiction over certain subject, slashing the budget, altering the size of the court \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Rational anticipation has little to do with the Court's decisions} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
Institutional maintenance concerns do impact the Court's decision & When the Court feels Congress or the President will attempt to act against the Court, the Court is less likely to strike down a law \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Understanding the Federal Courts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{The Evolution of the Federal Courts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
National Supremacy and Slavery (1787-1865) & up until the Civil War, the great issue left unresolved by the framers was the nation-state relationship; The Supreme Court (led by Chief Justice John Marshall) maintained that the national law was the supreme law, and that the Court had the power to decide what the Constitution meant; key cases: Marbury v. Madison (1803), McColloch v. Maryland (1819), Dred Scott v Sanford (1857) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 20)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Government and the Economy (1865-1937) & The main issue is the extent to which the economy could be regulated by national or state government; Generally the Court has viewed the 14th Amendment as protecting private property and corporations from state activity; Pro-business decisions: Court prevented labor strikes, struck down federal income tax, restricted powers of the ICC to regulate railroad rates, prevented maximum laws hours on employers; Anti-business decisions: Court upheld laws affecting public works, allowed regulation of business through government agency (ICC), approved safety rules on railroads, approved of states' anti-liquor laws, approved safety mine laws \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 32)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Protection of Civil Liberties (1937-present) & After 1936, The court is no longer a threat the government regulation of the economy (FDR's "court packing scheme", From 1937-1974 no regulatory statutes were over-turned, during this same time period, 36 congressional enactments that dealt with personal liberties were over-turned); Rights established or expanded: freedom of speech, freedom of political and religious expression, rights of the accused (right to counsel, search and seizure, self-incrimination), Voting rights, Anti-discrimination, right to privacy \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 26)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Federal District Courts & one in each of 94 districts (at least one per state), only have original jurisdiction, hear the vast majority of federal cases: federal crimes (mail, state-lines, high seas crimes), Civil law suits under federal law over \$10K, Civil law suits between citizens of different states over \$10K, Maritime cases bankruptcy cases administrative agency review cases \tn 
% Row Count 45 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
U.S. Court of Appeals & 13 total; One in each of 12 circuits or regions (including DC), and one for the federal circuit; they only hear cases on appeal, no original jurisdiction: Cases on appeal from Federal District Courts, US Regulatory Commissioners (e.g., cases on appeal from the Federal Communications Commission on cable licensing), Cases on appeal from other federal courts \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 18)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Judicial Policy Making and Judicial Process}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Gaming the federal Court System}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
94 US District Courts & each state has 1-4 district courts, TX has 4 district courts \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
12 regional circuit courts & TX is in the 5th circuit \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{patent suits like to go to the TX northern court because accuser is more likely to win (patent trolls)} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{people go to courts that will most likely give them the outcome they want} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TC Heartland v. Kraft foods & the court voted unanimously to say that patent lawsuits should be tried where the defending company is based rather than in a court of the plaintiff's choosing \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Structure of Texas Courts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Texas Supreme Court & Civil Jurisdiction, Civil law encompasses all disputes between two or more private parties; These may include individuals, corporations, or government agencies, always hears cases en banc \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Texas Court of Criminal Appeals} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Criminal jurisdiction & Criminal law is generally defined as crimes against the state, understood as violations of the penal code for which the state can bring actions against the alleged perpetrators according to the rules defined by the law of criminal procedure \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{may sit in panels of 3 judges, except in capital murder cases} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 39
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Selecting Judges in Texas}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
October 22, 2013 Bexar County Court-as-Law No. 11 Judge Carlo Key switched partisanship from Republican to Democrat & Elected in 2010 along with a wave of Republican judges throughout Texas, felt out of sync with the GOP, lost to Republican in 2014 election \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
Brace and Boyea & elective state supreme courts are more likely to uphold capital punishment decisions if there is strong support for capital punishment in the state, there is no effect on non-elective state supreme courts \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 11)
% Row 42
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James L. Gibson & Judicial elections may actually boost the institutional legitimacy of the court; however, the negative effects of campaigns may detract from it \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 43
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Understanding the Federal Courts-The Supreme Court}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Jurisdiction & Original Jurisdiction (cases involving 2+ states, US v. a state, state v. citizen of a different state if begun by the states, diplomats); Appellate jurisdiction (from federal court of appeals if federal and state law conflict, from federal district court if state law is found unconstitutional, if federal law was held to be unconstitutional and the US was party to the suit); Granting a "writ of certiorari" (if the case involves a substantive federal question, if the case comes from the highest state court or the Federal Court of Appeals, Must have four votes from justice—"rule of four") \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 30)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The Supreme Court in Action & In session for 36 weeks, from early Oct. until the end of June, Lawyers have one hour to present briefs during oral argumentation, Federal government is involved in 50\% of cases (Solicitor general makes arguments on behalf of government and decides which cases the government will appeal from lower courts), Amicus Curae may be filed on behalf of contesting parties, justices go to conference to discuss cases on Fridays, most cases parallel ideological blocs on court \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 24)
% Row 46
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Limitations for the Court & The US Constitution, Precedent, Doctrine of "political questions", inability to enforce its own decisions, necessity for public acceptance, "Ultimate Limitations" (impeachment, court packing, Constitutional amendment) \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Courts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The Liberals (nominated by Democratic President) & Sotomayor (\textasciitilde{}0.6L), Kagan (\textasciitilde{}0.3L), Brown Jackson \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
The "Swing Vote" (nominated by Republican President) & Roberts (Chief Justice \textasciitilde{}0.15C) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The Conservatives (nominated by Republican President) & Alito (\textasciitilde{}0.25C), Gorsuch (\textasciitilde{}0.45C), Coney Barrett (\textasciitilde{}0.55C), Kavanaugh (\textasciitilde{}0.65), Thomas (\textasciitilde{}0.7) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Public Policy: Simple Definitions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Public Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- the decisions, actions, and commitments of governments} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- regulation of key industries and acpects of American life (tobacco, saturated fats, drink sizes, food and drug standards, etc)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- protection of Americans from enemies at home and abroad} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- encouraging the eccomplishment of important social goals (Head Stat, Pell Grant)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- providing assistance to a wide range of Americans (subsidies for farmers, help for low-incomes families, policy money for stats and local governments)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Public Policy Categories}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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Regulatory Policy & involve use of police powers by the federal government to supervise the conduct of individuals, businesses, and other government agencies (ex environmental protection, consumer safety, public health, civil rights \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 11)
% Row 9
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Social Welfare Policy & involves use of policy incentives to promote or encourage basic social and economic fairness (ex food stamps, welfare, education grants, Temporary Assistance for Families—TAFI) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Entitlement Policy & benefits and cash payments to those who meet specific requirements (ex Social Security and Medicare) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Reforms & (1) "Means Tests"—only those below a certain income would be eligible for entitlement benefits (2) Raising the age threshold—minimum age for social security and Medicare would rise from 65 to 67 or 68 (3) Stricter time limit on dependent aid—people would be kicked off certain programs after some set time period \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 16)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{US Budget}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Federal Expenditures, 2023 & 25\% Social Security, 16\% National Defense, 28\% Medicare/Medicaid, 14\% Interest on National Debt, 7\% other entitlements, 10\% Domestic programs \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
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Federal Revenues, 2023 & 45\% Income Taxes, 34\% payroll taxes, 11\% Corporate Income taxes, 6\% other, 4\% excise (sin) taxes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Economic Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
economic policy & policy aimed at producing a vibrant, healthy, and growing economy \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
goals & stable prices (low inflation), full employment (defined as unemployment rate of 4\% or less), economic growth (a positive and significant GDP) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fiscal Policy & government budgetary choices concerning how much (and when) to tax, spend, subsidize, and borrow) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Monetary Policy & actions by Federal Reserve Board to influence GDP growth or the rate of inflation. Usually involves manipulation of interest rates \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Regulatory Policy & regulation of businesses and/or the workplace \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
International Economic Policy & exchange rates, trade agreements, tariffs, and implementation of policies structured by international institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 11)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Economic Policy Theories}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 23
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Laissez-faire & belief that unfettered markets will produce an equilibrium of economic opportunity and growth \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Keynianism & belief that government policies must address aggregate demand through fiscal policy (taxes and spending) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
Monetarism & belief that government policies sometimes destabilize the economy and mist be combatted through strict control of the money supply \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The Federal Reserve System (goes with Monetarism) & established in 1913 to affect monetary policy, consists of 12 banks run by an appointed board of governors and directed by a Chair (appointed by POTUS). The Board members have staggered, 14 year terms and the Chair is appointed for 4 years (Jerome Powell is the current Chair). The Federal Reserve Board controls the money supply by buying and selling federal securities (treasury notes and bonds), regulating the money that member banks have on deposit (the "reserve requirement"), Manipulating interest rates (changes in rates that member banks must pay when borrowing from reserve banks—the "discount rate") \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 31)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Supply-Side Economics & the belief that the stimulation of economic supply, rather than demand, can stabilize and re-invigorate the economy. This perspective grew more popular after the "stagflation" of the late 1970s (high unemployment and high inflation) and was associated with several of President Reagan's economic advisors. The key premise is that inflation can be reduced by stimulating production in business sector's with tax cuts and reduced regulation \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 22)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Purpose of Policies}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Schneider and Ingram (1993) & Policies are attempts to change people's behavior: "Behavioral change is sought by enabling or coercing people to do things they would not have done otherwise \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Construction of Target Populations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
Strong power and Positive behavior & Advantaged (Elderly, Business, Veterans) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Strong power and Negative behavior & Contenders (Rich, Unions, Minorities) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
Weak power and Positive behavior & Dependents (Children, Mothers, Disabled) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Weak power and Negative behavior & Deviants (Criminals, drug users, gangs) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Allocation of Benefits and Burdens}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 36
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Strong power and Positive behavior & Advantaged: high control of benefits which are oversubscribed; High control of burdens which are undersubscribed \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 37
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Strong power and Negative behavior & Contenders: low control of benefits which are secret; some control of burdens which are symbolic and overt \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Weak power and Positive behavior & Dependents: Low control of benefits which are undersubscribed; no control of burdens which are oversubscribed \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
Weak power and Negative behavior & Deviants: No control of benefits whihc are undersubscribed; no control of burdens which are oversubscribed \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Importance of Social Construction & By understanding the social construction of target populations we can better understand what problems get on the agenda, the solutions offered, solution chosen, policy tools used and how it is evaluated \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Policy Instruments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- The actual means or devices which governments have at thier disposal for implementing policies, and from which they must select} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Suasion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Government and particular political officials are in a good position to persuade people because they can speak in the name of political interest (healthy eating campaigns, recycling)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- power of suasion is contigent upon the level of trust in government} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Compulsory Instruments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
Laws & governments have the right to make authoritive decress about back up those decrees with the legitimate use of force. Law establish rights, regulations, distribute benefits and burdens \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{regulations are rules and standards that control economic, social, and political activities (natural monopoly, externalities, protecting the uninformed)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
Deregulation & removal of government rules that once controlled an industry \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Mixed Instruments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
taxes & the govenrnment can use taxes to discourage certain forms of behavior or encourage forms of behavior; taxes also help in distributing burdens and benefits \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sin taxes & a tax intended to discourage unwanted behavior (cigarettes and alcohol, snack tax, health insurance mandate \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
tax incentives & encourage people to engage in a preferred behavior (tax deductible donations to charities, tax rebates for purchasing a hybrid vehice, interest payments on mortgage, proposed tax breaks for working couples \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Sin Taxes, Tax Incentives and Price Elasticty of Demand (PED)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
Price Elasticity of Demand & The change in the quantity demanded (QD) of a product in relation to its change in price (P) (PED = \seqsplit{\%changeQD/\%changeP)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Submerged State}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
Mettler (2011) & The clouded and indirect nature of public policy implementation makes it difficult for citizens to identify government welfare programs—thus threatening democratic responsiveness and advantaging special interests and wealthier citizens \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 12)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- "Policies of the submerged state obscure the role of the government and exaggerate that of the market, leaving citizens unaware of how power operates, unable to form meaningful opinions, and incapable, therefore, of voicing their views accordingly"} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Many of these "submerged" policies benefit the most affluent the most} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Home Mortgage Interest Rate Deduction (\$230,000; 6.25\%; rate 30 years) Family Income and First year savings & \$16,751-\$68,00 -\textgreater{} \$3,619; \$68,001-\$137,300 -\textgreater{} \$5,146; \$373,650+ -\textgreater{} \$6,673 \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Income Inequality}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- the varying incomes of different socioeconomic groups in an economy (sometimes referred to as the income gap and it highlights the gap between these with the highest and lowest incomes in a country, region, or the whole world} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- it exists when there is an unequal distribution of income across various groups of individuals and households in an economy} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- it usually compares socioeconomic groups but it may also compare the incomes of men versus women, or white people versus African Americans} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- usually expressed in percentage terms} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 66
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Measurement}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 67
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The Gini Index is a summary measure of income inequality & incorporates the detailed shares data into a single statistic, which summarizes the dispersion of income across the entire income distribution and ranges from 0, indicating perfect quality (where everyone receives an equal share), to 1, perfect inequality (where only one recipient or group of recipients receives all the income) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 68
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Economic Explanation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 69
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Education & income gap between those with a Bachelors degree and those without one has grown substantially \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 70
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Globalization & increasing imports of manufacture goods from low-skilled developing countries reduces manufacturing opportunities for low-skilled workers \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 71
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Technology & It is estimated at least helf of the wage gap among American workers can be attributed to technological advances that allow for more automation of tasks \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 72
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Political Explanation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 73
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Mobilization of Business Interests, Demobilization of Middle Class Interests, Neoliberalism, Taxes, Financial Deregulation} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 74
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Political Consequences}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 75
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- poorer people are happier when there is less income inequality} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 76
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- politicians are more likely to engage in redistributive policies the closer they are to an elections} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 77
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- the gap between the poor and wealthy regarding America being a meritocracy is largest in areas with high levels of income inequality (Meritocracy=a system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Public Policy: Simple Definitions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Public Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- the decisions, actions, and commitments of governments} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- regulation of key industries and acpects of American life (tobacco, saturated fats, drink sizes, food and drug standards, etc)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- protection of Americans from enemies at home and abroad} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- encouraging the eccomplishment of important social goals (Head Stat, Pell Grant)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- providing assistance to a wide range of Americans (subsidies for farmers, help for low-incomes families, policy money for stats and local governments)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Public Policy Categories}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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Regulatory Policy & involve use of police powers by the federal government to supervise the conduct of individuals, businesses, and other government agencies (ex environmental protection, consumer safety, public health, civil rights \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 11)
% Row 9
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Social Welfare Policy & involves use of policy incentives to promote or encourage basic social and economic fairness (ex food stamps, welfare, education grants, Temporary Assistance for Families—TAFI) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Entitlement Policy & benefits and cash payments to those who meet specific requirements (ex Social Security and Medicare) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 11
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Reforms & (1) "Means Tests"—only those below a certain income would be eligible for entitlement benefits (2) Raising the age threshold—minimum age for social security and Medicare would rise from 65 to 67 or 68 (3) Stricter time limit on dependent aid—people would be kicked off certain programs after some set time period \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 16)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{US Budget}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 13
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Federal Expenditures, 2023 & 25\% Social Security, 16\% National Defense, 28\% Medicare/Medicaid, 14\% Interest on National Debt, 7\% other entitlements, 10\% Domestic programs \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
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Federal Revenues, 2023 & 45\% Income Taxes, 34\% payroll taxes, 11\% Corporate Income taxes, 6\% other, 4\% excise (sin) taxes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Economic Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 16
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economic policy & policy aimed at producing a vibrant, healthy, and growing economy \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 17
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goals & stable prices (low inflation), full employment (defined as unemployment rate of 4\% or less), economic growth (a positive and significant GDP) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 18
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Fiscal Policy & government budgetary choices concerning how much (and when) to tax, spend, subsidize, and borrow) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 19
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Monetary Policy & actions by Federal Reserve Board to influence GDP growth or the rate of inflation. Usually involves manipulation of interest rates \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Regulatory Policy & regulation of businesses and/or the workplace \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 21
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International Economic Policy & exchange rates, trade agreements, tariffs, and implementation of policies structured by international institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 11)
% Row 22
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Economic Policy Theories}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
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Laissez-faire & belief that unfettered markets will produce an equilibrium of economic opportunity and growth \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 24
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Keynianism & belief that government policies must address aggregate demand through fiscal policy (taxes and spending) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 25
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Monetarism & belief that government policies sometimes destabilize the economy and mist be combatted through strict control of the money supply \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
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The Federal Reserve System (goes with Monetarism) & established in 1913 to affect monetary policy, consists of 12 banks run by an appointed board of governors and directed by a Chair (appointed by POTUS). The Board members have staggered, 14 year terms and the Chair is appointed for 4 years (Jerome Powell is the current Chair). The Federal Reserve Board controls the money supply by buying and selling federal securities (treasury notes and bonds), regulating the money that member banks have on deposit (the "reserve requirement"), Manipulating interest rates (changes in rates that member banks must pay when borrowing from reserve banks—the "discount rate") \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 31)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
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Supply-Side Economics & the belief that the stimulation of economic supply, rather than demand, can stabilize and re-invigorate the economy. This perspective grew more popular after the "stagflation" of the late 1970s (high unemployment and high inflation) and was associated with several of President Reagan's economic advisors. The key premise is that inflation can be reduced by stimulating production in business sector's with tax cuts and reduced regulation \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 22)
% Row 28
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Purpose of Policies}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 29
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Schneider and Ingram (1993) & Policies are attempts to change people's behavior: "Behavioral change is sought by enabling or coercing people to do things they would not have done otherwise \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Construction of Target Populations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 31
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Strong power and Positive behavior & Advantaged (Elderly, Business, Veterans) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Strong power and Negative behavior & Contenders (Rich, Unions, Minorities) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 33
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Weak power and Positive behavior & Dependents (Children, Mothers, Disabled) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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Weak power and Negative behavior & Deviants (Criminals, drug users, gangs) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Allocation of Benefits and Burdens}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
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Strong power and Positive behavior & Advantaged: high control of benefits which are oversubscribed; High control of burdens which are undersubscribed \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
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Strong power and Negative behavior & Contenders: low control of benefits which are secret; some control of burdens which are symbolic and overt \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 38
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Weak power and Positive behavior & Dependents: Low control of benefits which are undersubscribed; no control of burdens which are oversubscribed \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 39
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Weak power and Negative behavior & Deviants: No control of benefits whihc are undersubscribed; no control of burdens which are oversubscribed \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
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Importance of Social Construction & By understanding the social construction of target populations we can better understand what problems get on the agenda, the solutions offered, solution chosen, policy tools used and how it is evaluated \tn 
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% Row 41
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Policy Instruments}}} \tn 
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% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- The actual means or devices which governments have at thier disposal for implementing policies, and from which they must select} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 43
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Suasion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 44
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Government and particular political officials are in a good position to persuade people because they can speak in the name of political interest (healthy eating campaigns, recycling)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 45
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- power of suasion is contigent upon the level of trust in government} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Compulsory Instruments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 47
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Laws & governments have the right to make authoritive decress about back up those decrees with the legitimate use of force. Law establish rights, regulations, distribute benefits and burdens \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 48
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{regulations are rules and standards that control economic, social, and political activities (natural monopoly, externalities, protecting the uninformed)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 49
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Deregulation & removal of government rules that once controlled an industry \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 50
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Mixed Instruments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 51
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taxes & the govenrnment can use taxes to discourage certain forms of behavior or encourage forms of behavior; taxes also help in distributing burdens and benefits \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 52
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sin taxes & a tax intended to discourage unwanted behavior (cigarettes and alcohol, snack tax, health insurance mandate \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 53
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tax incentives & encourage people to engage in a preferred behavior (tax deductible donations to charities, tax rebates for purchasing a hybrid vehice, interest payments on mortgage, proposed tax breaks for working couples \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Sin Taxes, Tax Incentives and Price Elasticty of Demand (PED)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 55
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Price Elasticity of Demand & The change in the quantity demanded (QD) of a product in relation to its change in price (P) (PED = \seqsplit{\%changeQD/\%changeP)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 56
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Submerged State}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
Mettler (2011) & The clouded and indirect nature of public policy implementation makes it difficult for citizens to identify government welfare programs—thus threatening democratic responsiveness and advantaging special interests and wealthier citizens \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 12)
% Row 58
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- "Policies of the submerged state obscure the role of the government and exaggerate that of the market, leaving citizens unaware of how power operates, unable to form meaningful opinions, and incapable, therefore, of voicing their views accordingly"} \tn 
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% Row 59
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- Many of these "submerged" policies benefit the most affluent the most} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 60
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- Home Mortgage Interest Rate Deduction (\$230,000; 6.25\%; rate 30 years) Family Income and First year savings & \$16,751-\$68,00 -\textgreater{} \$3,619; \$68,001-\$137,300 -\textgreater{} \$5,146; \$373,650+ -\textgreater{} \$6,673 \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Domestic and Economic Policy (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Income Inequality}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- the varying incomes of different socioeconomic groups in an economy (sometimes referred to as the income gap and it highlights the gap between these with the highest and lowest incomes in a country, region, or the whole world} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 63
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- it exists when there is an unequal distribution of income across various groups of individuals and households in an economy} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foreign Policy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Thinking About US Foreign Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Goals & survival and independence, territorial integrity (acquisition of new territory), military security, economic security, democratic values and ideals \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Key Foreign Policy Terms/Concepts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Monroe Doctrine & statement that sny effort by European or other foreign powers to colonize North or South America would be viewed as an act aggression, requiring military intervention \tn 
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% Row 4
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"Spheres of Influence" & notion that the world is divided into regions in which a specific country holds political and economic sway \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 5
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Isolationism & belief that the US should foster economic relations abroad without committing to strategic alliances that could draw us into war \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foreign Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Globalism & belief that American "sphere of influence" has expanded to every corner of the world and that we should therefore be involved in politics everywhere \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Truman Doctrine & the US should assist free, democratic countries against totalitarianism everywhere \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization & Originally an alliance among the US Canada, Turkey, and 11 European nations signed in 1949. Now encompasses 30 members. According to article 5 of the NATO charter, an attack on one considered an attack on all (spawns the "Warsaw Pact") Invoked only once (after 9/11) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 14)
% Row 9
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Containment & policy designed to prevent the expansion of communism in the face of Soviet efforts to promote communism abroad \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foreign Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bipolarity & view that the world is dominated by two super powers \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
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Détente & ending of hostile relations between two countries \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 12
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Enlargement & Bill Clinton's plan to expanding democracy and market capitalism; replacing "containment" \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Bush Doctine & Several different interpretations: (1) George W. Bush's policy of preventive war, which held that the US should depose foreign regimes that represented a potential or perceived threat to the security of the US, even if hat threat was not immediate (2) GWB's policy of spreading democracy around the world, especially in the Middle East as a strategy for combatting terrorism; GWB's willingness to unilaterally pursue US military interest \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 22)
\end{tabularx}
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foreign Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
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Obama Doctrine & emphasis on negotiation and engagement as opposed to the support of unilateralism of the Bush years, but Obama acted unilaterally, especially drone strikes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Foreign Policy Players}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 16
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State Department & Anthony Blinken (Sec of State) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 17
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Defense Department & Lloyd James Austin III \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 18
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National Security Council & chaired by POTUS; regulatory attendees: VP, Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 19
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Limits on US Foreign Policy & other countries (allies and enemies, the US military, the Constitution, the News Media, Public Opinion \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Attitudes towards US Foreign Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 21
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Misconceptions of American Foreign Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foreign Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
"God has a special providence for fools, drunkards, and the USA" & European leader regarding American foreign policy \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Emphasis on Trade} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
George Washington's Farewell Address & "The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop." \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 15)
% Row 25
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Myth of Isolationism & foreign policy was critical to early nation, 12 of the first 15 presidents held some role in foreign relations (6 served), in order to advance trade relations, the US could not isolate itself. By 1815, the US Navy established a squadron in the Mediterranean to combat the Barbary pirates and by 1822 squadrons had been established in the Caribbean and Pacific and by 1843 the US Navy had an established presence on every major continent and virtually every ocean \tn 
% Row Count 44 (+ 24)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foreign Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Public Opinion and Foreign Policy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
Unstructured & public's belief that foreign policy is random and makes no sense \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Structured & opposite of unstructured; core values -\textgreater{} general postures -\textgreater{} specific issue preference \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Dimensions of Foreign Policy Attitudes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cooperative Internationalism & working with other nations toward common goals \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
Militant Internationalism & need to look and act strong to the world \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Isolationalism & avoid foreign entanglements \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Morality and Support for War}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Support for war peaks when boots first hit the ground then drops drastically after first casualties, then continues to decrease, albeit much slower over time} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Domestic Issues and Foreign Policy Hypothesis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Presidential Influence and foreign policy concerns & Legislators should be more likely to support economic aid and trade liberalization if the policy has the endorsement of the president who shares their party affiliation \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foreign Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
economic Interests & The greater the endowment of human (or physical) capital in a district the higher the probability that the legislator votes in favor of trade liberalization and foreign aid \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
Ideology & The more conservative the members of a district are, the greater the probability that the legislators votes in favor of trade liberalization but the less likely the legislator votes in favor of foreign aid \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}