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  /Subject (American Government Exam 2 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{American Government Exam 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \vspace{-2pt}db329 \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 24th October, 2022.\\
   Updated 23rd October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Why Parties}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Definitions}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Dictionary & an organization of people who share the same views about the way power should be used in a country or society (through government, policy-making, etc.) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Leon Epstein & Any group, however loosely oriented, seeking to elect office holders under the given label \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Giovanni Sartori & Any organization that presents candidates for elective offices and to legislative bodies \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Kenneth Janda & Those organizations which pursue the goal of placing their avowed representation in governmental positions \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{What purpose do parties serve?}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
according to John Aldrich, political parties... & help to solve the "social choice problem" for office-seeking politicians, help to solve the "collective action problem" for office-seeking politicians, and have been an appropriate mechanism for organizing and communicating with voters in a historical sense \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Historical Development of Parties}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{First Party System: "Proto-Party System" 1800-1824}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Parties & Jeffersonians (Jeffersonian, Republicans, \seqsplit{Democratic-Republicans)} and Federalists \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Competition & dominated by Jeffersonians \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Coalitions & Jeffersonians do well with southerners and westerners and Federalists do well in New England \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Issues & scope of federal governing power, states' rights, scope of democratic participation \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mobilization? & elite-level only \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Second Party System "Jacksonian Party System" 1828-1856}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Parties & Democratic and Whigs \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Competition & balanced and fierce \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Coalitions & Democrates do slightly better in southern and western states and Whigs do well in New England and Midwest \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issues & states' rights, immigration and national expansion, tariff \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
Mobilization? & extensive grass-roots mobilization \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Third Party System: "Civil War Party System" 1860-1892}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
Parties & Democrats and Republicans \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Competition & Republicans dominate 1860-76, then balanced and fierce \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
Coalition & Republicans dominate in North and West and Democrats dominate in South and urban areas \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issues & "Waving the bloody flag", \seqsplit{commercial/transportation} regulation \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
Mobilization & extensive grass-roots mobilization \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Fourth Party System: "System of '96" 1896-1928}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
Parties & Democrats and Republicans \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Competition & Republicans dominate, except for Wilson years (1912-1920) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
Coalition & Republicans dominate in North and West and Democrats dominate in South and urban areas \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issues & Progressive "good government" reforms, economic regulation \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
Mobilization? & de-mobilization as primaries, civil service reforms, ballot reforms occur \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Fifth Part System: "New Deal Party System" 1932-1964}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
Parties & Democrats and Republicans \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Competition & Democrats dominate \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
Coalitions & democrates dominate South (white), urban areas with new immigrants and Republicans do well with northern WASPs \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issues & government intervention in the economy \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
Mobilization & mobilization of 2nd generation immigrants and women \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Sixth Party System: "Post-New Deal Party System" 1968-?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
Parties & Democrats and Republicans \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Competition & balanced and fierce \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
Coalitions & Democrats dominate with middle and lower status whites, racial and ethnic minorities and Republicans do well with white southerners and evangelicals \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Issues & Civil Rights and government intervention in the economy \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Political Parties are Endogenous}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{what constitutes a party causes their behavior (coalitions dictate behavior), reflection of members} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{What do parties provide voters and candidates?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{information shortcuts for candidates and voters (parties have reputations), cnadidates choose to side with a party because of ideological similarity and its probability of winning} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
Converge & when parties are able to keep dissimilar candidates out \tn 
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% Row 49
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Diverge & when parties can't keep dissimilar candidates out \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Democrat Monopoly in TX}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{for 100 years only democratic governors in TX, tension regarding Liberal versus Conservative Democrats (poor interest likes farmers and workers like the Liberals and corporation interests like businesses and firms like the conservative), Ma and Pa Ferguson and the New Deal (racism and prohibition are bad so Liberals got control)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Decay of Democratic Party in TX}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{1952 and 1956 Democratic Party State Convention}}} \tn 
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% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Democrats backed Eisenhower (republican), Liberals won but the in fighting fractured and weakened party, conservative democrats became republicans} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{V.O. Key and Southern Democrats}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{strange political ideology, vote Democrat locally, vote Republican nationally, Republican power in TX relatively new (but Democratic conservatives look like republicans} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Rise of Republican Party in TX}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Legacy of Governor Edmund Davis (ex-union soldier, proponent of Lincoln) hurt Republican reputation because people hated Lincoln and the union, causing no Republican Government for 100+ years} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Now, we haven't had a Democratic Governor for almost 30 years because Democratic party diverged (couldn't keep dissimilar interests out)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Political Parties—Are they strong or weak?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Party in Government}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{white}
Do members of Congress vote with their party most of the time? & YES! \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Does party membership matter? & YES! for agenda control, committee assignments, campaign contributions and fundraising, \seqsplit{encouraging/discouraging} primary election challenges \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{so party in government is STRONG} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Party in Electorate}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{white}
Does party structure politics and voting in a meaningful way for voters? & YES! measured through 2 simple survey questions: Direction (Do you think of yourself as a Republican or Democrat or neither?) and Intensity (Do you think of yourself as strong or weak \seqsplit{Democrat/Republican?} or Do you lean toward Republican or Democrat?) \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Thus, party in the electorate is STRONG} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Party Organization}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Do parties raise money and enlist votes? & YES! \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{white}
Do parties contact and mobilize voters? & YES! \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{thus, party organization is strong} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Since party in government, electorate, and organization are STRONG} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Third Parties}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{The Importance of third parties}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1912 election as an example & Teddy Roosevelt runs as 3rd party (Bull Moose/Progressive Party including universal healthcare) and splits Republican vote with Taft so Wilson wins \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Rosenstone, Behr, and Lazarus "Third Parties in America"}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
legal constraints & (1) most votes = win so shift to 2 party system so one candidate has majority (2) third parties have to jump through hoops to run (signatures, fine, etc.) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 8)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{white}
handicaps & (1) little media attention (2) belief they won't win so it's a wasted vote (self-fulfilling prophecy) (3) seen as fringe/wasted vote (4) fear of major parties going after them \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 9)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Why do people vote for third parties?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{(1) major party deterioration (2) neglected issues (third party will address) (3) neglected preferences (4) unacceptable major party candidates (5) attractive minor party candidates} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Notable 3rd Part Candidates}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{white}
Strom Thurmond & in 1948 people were upset with Truman's Civil Rights push so Thurmonf and several other southern Democrats split with party and formed Dixiecrats (Democrats for States' Rights), Thurmond got on ballot in MS, AL, SC, LA and while he didn't win it quieted call for Civil Rights bill within Democrats \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 15)
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
George Wallace & nationally known for his 1963 attempt to block 2 black students from entering University of AL and in 1968 formed The American Independent Part appealing to those who felt that Civil Rights policies were hurting them and whites with lower socioeconomic status and the young, Wallace and the AIP forced Nixon to take a stronger conservative stance on race issues \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 19)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Parties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 84
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ross Perot & Perot benefited from Americans displeasure with the major parties and the key to his success was that he was well financed (\$73 M campaign, gaining ballot access and TV time and participating in Presidential debate), he won 18.9\% of popular vote but no electoral college votes taking votes from republicans and democrats (Clinton still would have won if Perot didn't run) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 19)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Historical Development of U.S. Media}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Today we have an adversarial, argumentative, cynical, and negative media, BUT the media are largely independent, subject to their own economic interests, proffessional norms and standards.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{1760-1850s: Era of the Political Press}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- consist of vehicles for advocacy (e.g., federalist Papers/Anti-Federalist Papers, Jefferson v. Adams, Abolition Mvoement prior to the Civil War} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- these were the primary forms of political communication} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- they were controlled by the political parties with no pretense of objectivity} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{18502-1920s: Era of the Commercial Press}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- began to target mass audiences} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- coverage moved toward more sensationalist stories to drive sales (sex, violence, scandal)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- "Yellow Journalism"} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- 2 dominant figures & Joseph Pulitzer (St. Louis Post-Dispath, New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner and New York Morning Journal) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{1920s-1960s: Era of the Professional Press}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
new journalistic norms develop after WW1 & objectivity, discretion, "just the fact" (who, what, when, where, how, and why) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
political news develops and evolves & newspapers have full-time DC staffs, standards emerge with respect to coverage (what's in play and what's "out of bounds"), newspapers still have their favorites \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{1960-today: Era of Adversarial press}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
News media began to change in 1960s & media discretion abused by JFK in Bay of Pigs, media suspicion mounts over LBJ and Vietnam, Nixon and Watergate, TV challenges newspapers for pre-eminence as the primary source of news, Watergate marks the end of the "professional press" and the beginning of the "adversarial press", political parties decline and the new media rise as king-makers in politics \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 18)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Characteristics of Contemporary US Media}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 17
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Cynical and probing & assume ulterior motives; always looking for "bigger" story \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Negative & negative stories are always more "newsworthy" than positive stories \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
Process oriented & more interested in process (campaigns, back-room deals, and negotiations) than in outcomes \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Empirical & preference for "facts" to opinions and argumentation \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Minimal Effects Thesis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 22
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{argues that the media has little to no effect on public opinion} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{we should reject this thesis on the basis of agenda setting, framing, and priming} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 24
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Agenda Setting}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{tells you what to think about (what they cover out of everything possible indicates what's important, influences what public thinks is important; covered=important} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{What gets on the agenda?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
Example: Disease and media coverage & it's about WHO dies not total death (disease that kill more white men get more attention) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{what gets on the agenda mirrors public values} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Agenda Setting and public discourse}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Does what the public talk about closely mirror what the media talks about? & Concrete issues: YES!; Abstract Issues: NO! \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
Correlation between traditional social media agenda? & social media = more likely to address social and public order issues and less likely to address economic and government functioning \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 32
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relationship between political discussion in traditional and social media is not directly causal & social media may get info first or vice versa \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 33
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Priming}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 34
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Priming & changes in the standards that people use to make political evaluations \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{argues that media coverage influences what people believe and how they evaluate candidates (voters evaluate candidates based on issue media is covering} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{by focusing on certain things as opposed to others you change standards of evaluation} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 37
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{The News Media}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 38
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Basic Facts and trends}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
Broadcast News Weekly audiences & NBC (8.3M), ABC (9.4M), CBS (5.9M) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nightly Audience for Cable News & Fox (3.62M), MSNBC (2.15M), CNN (1.79M) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
Talk Radio min weekly audiences & Rush Linbaugh (15.5M), Sean Lannity (15M), Marketplace (14.8M), All Things Considered-NPR (14.7M), Dave Ramsey (14M), Morning Edition-NPR (13.1M), Mark Levin (11M), Glenn Beck (10.5M), Coast to Coast AM (10.5M), Mike Gallagher (8.5M), Delilah (8.3M) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 13)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Newspapers Daily Circulation & USA Today (1.6M), Wall St Journal (1M), NY Times (.48M), NY Post (.43M), LA Times (.42M), Washington Post (.25M), Star Tribune (.25M), Newsday (.25M), Chicago Tribune (.24M), Boston Globe (.23M) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
Websites (monthly visitors) & Yahoo News (175M), Google News (150M), Huffington Post (110M), CNN (95M), NY Times (70M), Fox News (65M), NBC News (63M), Mail Online (53M), Washington Post (4.7M), The Guardian (42M), Wall St Journal (40M), ABC News (36M) \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Online news sires are gaining on TV as main news service for Americans (natural and local news) with social media being another major source} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{the public is getting more negative about the nature of press performance despite variation in news outlets} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{the public trusts local news more than national news} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Bias?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 48
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{the public sees different outlets as leaning one way or another politically} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{perception of news media bias and news media trust have polarized along partisan lines (Republican :) Fox, Democrats :) CNN)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The case for "conservative bias" & Most news media owned by corporate interests, who prefer conservative candidates and public policies and these controlling interests keep certain issues off the agenda, talk radio and Fox News slant strongly to the right \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
The case for "liberal bias" & Most news reporters and journalists are personally liberal, some empirical evidence shows that conservative candidates and policy makers receive worse coverage, newspapers and mainstream media slant strongly to the left \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
What does the data say about ideological bias? & some evidence of favoring liberals BUT main biases are not ideological \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
Main Sources of Media Bias & Professional (rely on professionals who know about issues they cover), source reliance (protect sources as they can use them again), selection (prefer immediate, sensationalist, and sexy stories), pack journalism (pressure to write about what others are covering) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 14)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Media Coverage of Campaigns}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
contemporary campaigns are covered with an emphasis on... & the horse race (who's ahead and who's behind), personalities, conflict, scandals, gaffes, negativity (one side attacking another) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Framing}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 57
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framing & the process by which a source defines the essential problem underlying a particular social or political issues \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
framing v. persuasion & framing: how to think about something pointing out what is important to consider; persuasion: influencing someone's opinion on whether something is good or bad \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Calculation of Attitudes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 60
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A=∑v•w & v=value of an attribute on a specific dimension; w= subjective weight og that belief on a specific dimension; A=attitude \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 61
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{framing affects weight (changing weight of importance), persuasion affects value} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Conflict frame and public opinion (Combative politics)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 63
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Conflict Frame & a frame with a narrative structure that presents actors as polarized focus (focus on which side is winning or losing and often includes language related to war, competition, and games) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 10)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{the inability of legislators to reach common ground becomes seen less as a discussion of facts of the policy and more about a politicians' political game causing debate to be thought of as ridiculous and disgusting not productive and healthy} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Media (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{as debate drags on and reporters continue to focus on the conflict, the public begins to associate the policy with the ugliness of the process, whcih in turn leads to opposition to the policy} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{white}
Causal Process leading to increased policy opposition & policy debat -\textgreater{} news focuse on \seqsplit{process/debate/conflict} -\textgreater{} negative public sentiment toward process -\textgreater{} increased policy opposition -\textgreater{} policy debate (and repeats) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
other "generic" or "journalistic" frames & economic (emphasis on profit and loss), powerlessness (describes groups as helpless in the face of greater forces), human impact (emphasis on describing individuals and groups likely affected by an issue), morality (contains indirect references to moral and cultural values) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 14)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{white}
Why do journalist choose the combative politics frame? & "if it bleeds, it leads" (people like conflict), soft news vs. hard news (people like soft news because it's easy to digest and hard news has complex arguments), objectivity (just say what people are doing = objective appearance), running story (continue to tell story every day for a long period of time) \tn 
% Row Count 42 (+ 16)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Defining Public Opinion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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from V.O. Key & those opinions held by private persons which governments find it prudent to heed \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Public Opinion and Democracy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{dor success of democracy, we mist be aware of public opinion to have a more representative democracy} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{The Problems of Multiple Principals}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There are lots of different opinions so difficult to articulate clear will of the people} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{It's hard to translate opinion into action} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{People aren't informed so it's hard to tell what people want} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Sources of Public Opinion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{political socialization}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{result of all the processes by which people form their beliefs and values in their homes, schools, churches, communities, and workplaces} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{ONGOING and can change with life experiences} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{kids vote the same way as parents} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{what you are exposed to affects how you view the world} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Education and Public Opinion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
political efficacy & the belief that one can make a difference in politics by expressing an opinion or action politically (education builds this) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
citizen duty & the belief that it is a citizen's duty to be informed and participate in politics (education increases this) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Religion as a Source of Public Opinion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
as a socializing agent, David C. Leege (1993)... & they help you understand how to view and deal with the world \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Kenneth Wald's Causes of Religious Intervention in Politics}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Clifford Geertz on creed & Both what a people prizes and what it fears and hates are depicted in this worldview, symbolized in its religion expresses in the whole quality of life (helps people understand how to behave in secular activity) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
Social Culture & develop shared outlook because similar experiences \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 22
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Religion as Culture provides... & identity (who you/group is), Norms (what to do), Boundary maintenance (what not to do) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Political Knowledge and Public Opinion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Delli, Carpini, and Keeter}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 25
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{functioning democracy needs well informed citizens} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 26
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{if citizens are not well-informed they can't effectively articulate their best interests} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 27
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{older and more educated people are better informed} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 28
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Heuristics}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 29
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Lupia and McCubbins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 30
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{mental shortcuts that allow individuals to make decisions without a great deal of information} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 31
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{"concepts such as reputation, party, or ideology are useful heuristics only if they convey information about knowledge and trust"} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 32
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Hard and Easy Issues}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 33
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Carmines and Stinson}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 34
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hard issues & voting or policy opinion is the result of a sophisticated decision calculus (you have to think really hard to come to a conclusion) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 35
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easy issues & issues that are so ingrained over a long periods of time it structures voters "gut responses" to candidates and political parties (symbolic \textgreater{} technical, policy ends\textgreater{}means, long on political agenda) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Origins of Political Opinions and Attitudes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Core Concepts of Social Learning Theory (SLT)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Instrumental motivation & people are rational actors seeking to maximize their utilities \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
Reinforcement & \seqsplit{encouraging/increasing} a behavior; can be positive (adding something) or negative (taking something away) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Punishment & \seqsplit{discouraging/decreasing} a behavior; can be positive (adding something) or negative (taking something away) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
Generalization & attempting to extrapolate from a previous experience to another related experience \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 42
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Discrimination & learning that not all apparently similar situations are identical \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 43
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Conventional Wisdom about Public Opinion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 44
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What we assumed to be true & Americans are interested, engaged, and attentive to politics and public affairs, Americans know the basic facts concerning American politics, Americans listen to public officials and candidates, understand their issue and policy positions, and hold them accountable for their performance \tn 
% Row Count 43 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Reasons we believe the conventional wisdom was true & election results suggest rationality, high levels of literacy and educational attainment, substantial campaign communication and outreach \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 46
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{What early polls told us}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 47
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George Gallup, Lou Harris, and other pioneers in the science of polling, discovered... & Americans don't know very much about politics, Americans are not very interested in politics, Americans rely on broad and general attitudes and predispositions to make sense of politics \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
examples & 74\% can name the VP, 70\% can name their mayor, 58\% know constitutionality is decided by the Supreme Court, 55\% can name at least one senator, 40\% can name their congressional representative, 34\% can name the Secretary of State, 25\% can name the speaker of the House, 8\% can name the Chief Justice of the US \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Philip Converse and the Nature and Origins of Mass Attitudes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 50
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Main Argument}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 51
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{most people do not have a full set of coherent politicla opinions or beliefs nor do they even know what ideology is} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 52
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{low levels of ideological constraint lead to low levels of conceptualization and low levels of issue consistency} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Levels of conceptualization}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 54
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ideologues & rely on abstract ideological concepts to make judgements about political objects (with ideologues represent 15\% of population) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 55
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near-ideologues & use ideological terminology, but don't use it correctly (with ideologues represent 15\% of population) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 56
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group-interest & evaluate political objects with respect to their treatment of particular groups (with nature of the times represents 60\% of voters) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nature of the times & evaluations of candidates and parties are tied to general perceptions about how things are going (with nature of the times represents 60\% of voters) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 58
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no issue content & focus on personalities or family traditions without any evidence of political thinking (represents 25\% of voters) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Issue Consistency}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{white}
Across Time & people are not likely to have the same opinion on an issue at two different points in time \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Across Issue Domain & knowing what an individual American thinks about one issue doesn't really tell you much about what they might think about another issue (take away: people flip flop opinions on issues) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Criticisms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Analysis and data come from a quiescent time in American politics (the 1950s). Ideology depends on political issues and context, which is more intense in the 1960s and 1970s} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Relied on dichotomous scales ("yes" or "no"), more complex response options (1-7, for example) reveal greater constraint} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{How we measure public opinion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{man-in-street interviews} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{focus groups} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{non-scientific polls} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Probability Samples}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
key terms & population, sample, representativeness \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{white}
sources of polling error & measurable error (sample size and response bias/response rates, which is approx. 10\% and low response rates are a problem if the peole who choose to complete the interview are systematically different form those who decline) and unmeasurable error (question wording, response options, question order, interviewer effects) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Social Welfare Attitudes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{social welfare issues include basic questions of the appropriate level of taxation and spending as well as support for funding programs on things like education, the environment, anti-poverty programs, energy, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{generally, Americans are LIBERAL on social welfare issues} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Social Issue Attitudes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{social issues include questions of religion, family, values, and personal responsibility} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{generally Americans are CONSERVATIVE on social issues} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Foreign Policy Attitudes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Is opinion liberal or conservative?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{it's neither} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{conservatives are not always "hawks" and Liberals are not always "doves"} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{foreign policy opinions seem to be affected by who is in office (party) and broader circumstances (context)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Things to know}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 84
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{"Rally around the flag" - Americans tend to support the president and the commitment of troops to a foreign war once boots hit the ground} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 85
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{support for the war almost never increases over time} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 86
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{opposition to war is disproportionally affected by "early" casualties} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 87
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Political Cultures}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 88
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{collection of beliefs and values about how the government should operate} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 89
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Values}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 90
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Donald R. Kinder & conception of desirable, not something desired, they are motivating, lead us to take particular positions on social issues, help us to evaluate and judge/to heap praise and fix blame on ourselves and others \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 11)
% Row 91
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{American Political Cultures}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 92
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Individualism & individual versus government responsibility to provide for themselves, both blacks and whites support this \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 93
\SetRowColor{white}
Equality & nobody is inherently superior, everyone has equal opportunities, blacks are more supportive of egalitarianism \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 94
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Limited Government & weak central government and limits on power, large gap between whites and minorities as whites like limited government \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 95
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Conspiracy Theories}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 96
\SetRowColor{white}
Oliver and Wood (2014) & locate source of unusual social political phenomenon in unseen, intentional and malevolent forces \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 97
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{political events interpreted as struggle between good and evil} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 98
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{mainstream accounts of political events are an attempt to distract the public from a hidden source of power} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 99
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hofstadter (1964) & when something bad happens someone is behind it allowing it to happen \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 100
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Who believes?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 101
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{almost all Americans know of some conspiracy theory (55\% agreed with at least on general conspiracy while 45\% believed in at least one medical conspiracy)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 102
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{not necessarily mental illness, it falls along ideological lines and is widespread and consistent} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 103
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{people with a propensity to attribute the source of unexplained or extraordinary events to unseen, intentional forces are more likely to believe} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 104
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{people with an attraction toward melodramatic narratives that interpret history relative to universal struggles between good and evil are more likely to believe} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 105
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
social consequences & increased feelings of powerlessness, decrease likelihood of engaging in certain behaviors \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Opinion (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 106
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{TX and Conspiracy Theories}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 107
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{prominant anti-gov conspiracies during Obama administration} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 108
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Difficulty Correcting Misinformation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 109
\SetRowColor{white}
Nyhan (2010) and Nyhan and Reiffer (2010) & Misinformation and conspiracy theories are difficult to correct, highly polarized elites, ideological consistency, and attempts to correct misinformation can further ingrain them \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turnout and Participation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Overview of Political Participation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Many Americans engage in simple participatory acts, but very few engage in more demanding activity} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{statistics}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{45\% tried to persuade others about how to vote} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{18\% wore a button or put a bumper sticker on their car} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{13\% gave money to a political party or campaign} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{9\% attended a political meeting} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{4\% worked for a political party or campaign} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Turnout in the US}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Basic Facts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. US turnout is low compared to other countries} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. turnout has varied over time (declined from 1960-1996 but increased from 2000-2020)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. Turnout decreases in midterm elections, increases in presidential elections ("saw-tooth" pattern)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{4. Political, demographic factors affect turnout rates} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{5. TX has lower turnout compared to other states} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{6. higher income, more education, married, older (55-74), white or black, and female are all demographics that are more likely to turnout} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{What affects turnout?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Institutional factors (tend toward lower turnout)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. registration requirement} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. timing of elections (Tues in Nov during work hours)} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. frequency of elections (we have a lot)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turnout and Participation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{4. location/convenience of polling places} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{5. Complexity of ballot} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Psychological Factors (trend toward higher turnout)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Political efficacy} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. Interest/Engagement} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. Partisanship} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Paradox of turnout-Why did turnout decrease across the 1960s-1990s?}}*} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. education levels increased dramatically} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. Civil Rights legislation ended Jim Crow laws in the South} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. Registration requirements were eased (Motor Voter Laws, Same-Day registration)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{4. Convenience Voting increased} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{But turnout still decreased when ostensibly they should increase, why?} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Answer: Parties did not contact and mobilize voters as they had done in previous eras. Increased party and candidate contacting from 2000-2008 increased turnout substantially} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Calculus of Voting}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
from Downs 1957 -\textgreater{} R=pB-C & R=probability that the voter will turn out, if R\textgreater{}0 the voter will turnout; p = probability of vote "mattering"; B = "utility" benefit of voting-differential benefit of one candidate winning over the other; C = cost of voting \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turnout and Participation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cost of voting & lines and TIME and effort \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
Voting is illogical & the probability of your vote mattering is functionally zero so the costs will always be greater than the benefits \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
from riker and Ordeshook (1968) & R=pB-C+D, where D=citizen duty, goodwill feeling, psychological and civic benefit of voting \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Voting Rights}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
15th Amendment & voting rights to African-American men \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
19th Amendment & women's suffrage (previously allowed in some states but this allows it everywhere and in all elections) (1920) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
23rd Amendment & DC gets 3 electors in the electoral college \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
24th Amendment & no poll taxes allowed \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
26th Amendment & voting age of 18 \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{1965 Voting Right Act}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Barriers to Registration}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clause, intimidation} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- blacks had to take extensive test on the constitution that even a constitutional law student couldn't pass} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turnout and Participation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{- the VRA of 1965 made these barriers illegal} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Vote Dilution}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{scattering minorities across districts so the majority can outweigh them or putting them all in 1-2 districts to allow other districts to outweigh them} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Shelby v. Holder}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
preclearance: 1965 VRA Section 5 & states or county with a history of infringing upon the vote of minority groups must receive preclearance from Justice Dept. before making changes to voting laws \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{in a Supreme Court 5-4 ruling Section 4(b) was ruled unconstitutional as the coverage formula was too old and it was a burden on federalism and states rights, thus, section 5 is unenforceable} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{John Lewis VRA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Modernize the VRA's formule determining ehich states and localities have a pattern of discrimination} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{2. Ensuring the last-minute voting changes do not adversely affect voters by requiring officials to publicly announce all voting changes at least 180 days before an election} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{3. expanding the government's authority to send federal observers to any jurisdiction where there may be a substantial risk of discrimination at the polls on Election Day or during an early voting period} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{7.5988 cm} x{9.6712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turnout and Participation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{passed in the House in 2021 but stalled in the senate} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Felony Disenfranchisement}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{if you're convicted of a crime you can't vote for a certain period of time (perhaps a lifetime)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{Post-Reconstruction}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Most stringent criminal disenfranchisement laws were created in southern states after reconstruction} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\emph{1985 Hunter v Underwood}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Supreme Court invalidated provision in AL State Constitution prohibiting all persons convicted of a crime of "moral turpitude" from registering to vote} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Court ruled provision violated 14th Amendment because it was motivated by intent to racially discriminate proven by the 1901 AL Constitutional convention minutes} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{There continues to be challenges regarding felony disenfranchisement today} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}



\end{document}