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  /Subject (American Government Exam 1 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{American Government Exam 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \vspace{-2pt}db329 \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th September, 2022.\\
   Updated 27th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intro}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Politics}} & activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live (per David Eaton values are important while Henry Laswell says resource allocation is important) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Political Science}} & social science which deals with systems of government and the analysis of political activities, thoughts, and behaviors (the why behind politics) \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{Government}} & institution in society that can force people to do things and push people to do things, government make binding decisions that people must follow (maintaining order and reconciling conflict and guides humanity to higher forms of civilization) \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Alternatives to Government}}} \tn 
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{\emph{self interest}} & grants great benefits to people if done correctly but if done incorrectly it creates feuds and animosity \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intro (cont)}}  \tn
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{\emph{values}} & this only works for the in-group while the out-group is excluded \tn 
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{\bf{Necessity of Government}} & people suck so we need government to create unity and make people work toward the same things \tn 
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{\emph{property rights}} & authority on how resources are used (this is protected by the government to ensure resources used effectively for the max benefit) \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{government settles disputes}} & designed for times of conflict, scarce resources create conflict, plays a big role in community and fostering identities and protecting rights \tn 
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% Row 9
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{\bf{Government Trust}} & citizen trust is needed for the government to function correctly, government trust between parties is higher when their party is in power (economy, social-cultural factors, incumbents, and institutions promote distrust) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intro (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Theories of Democracy}}} \tn 
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% Row 11
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{\emph{privatization}} & method of controlling scope of conflict involving individualism, free private enterprise, localism, and privacy \tn 
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{\emph{socialization}} & method of controlling scope of conflict involving equality, consistency, equal protection, justice, liberty, freedom of movement, freedom of speech and association, and civil rights \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{democracy}} & competitive political system where competing leaders and organizations define the alternatives of public policy in such a way that the public can participate in the decision-making process (majority rules) \tn 
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% Row 14
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{\emph{Republic}} & majority and constitution rule while minority has a voice (elected officials supposed to exercise will of people \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pre-Constitutional Politics}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Context}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{demographics c. 1770s}} & 2.75M people, 20\% African-American, most were self employed (farmers or artisans), poor communications, travel arduous \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{social political mindset}} & John Locke (inalienable rights), Thomas Paine (life, liberty, property), common political beliefs (heir to British tradition, but inalienable rights given by God), Americans thought they were adhering to British political thought better than the British, consent of governed gave leader power \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 14)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Problem with the British}} & Britain made shitty decisions in the face of obvious evidence \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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{\emph{1750s}} & British spent lot sof money and blood helping secure the colonies via French and Indian War (Americans didn't help well enough—didn't pay enough and only helped when no crops ready) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pre-Constitutional Politics (cont)}}  \tn
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{\emph{1760s}} & Stamp Act and others (Britain trying to get money to repay the war and to exert more economic control over America) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Intolerable Acts}} & close Boston port, those in violation people go to prison in Britain without trial \tn 
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{\emph{Continental Congress (1774-1781)}} & 56 delegates, first national legislature, big names attended (john and Sam Adams, Washington, Patrick Henry, etc), initial acts=pass resolutions (boycott British goods, raise troops) but limited powers (state gov and and stat populations not obligated to follow) \tn 
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{\bf{Declaration fo Independence}} & written to help war effort, attract foreign support and to get support from the people; New England wants independence, South doesn't, middle is neutral; Adams, Franklin, and Jefferson write it \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Articles of Confederation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Basics}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- first written constitution of the U.S, drafted in 1777, ratified by all states in 1781, 5 pages with preamble, 13 articles, conclusion, and signatory section} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- state sovereignty, unicameral legislature, one vote per state} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- central government can declare war conduct foreign/commercial relations with other countries} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- funded by state legislatures' payments} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- federal court system suggested} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- executive functions carried out by legislative committees} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- in 1781 John Hansen was the first president under the Articles (one year term)} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- John Hancock president next in 1785} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- government could coin money} \tn 
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{\bf{Weaknesses}} & no provisions for enforcing Congress decisions, no real federal courts system, congressional authority over commerce and war required consent of 9/13 states, amendments required unanimity, no executive power, little implied power \tn 
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Why Replace}}} \tn 
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{\emph{commercial/economic problems}} & revolutionary war debt, New England was fucked because they needed trade, the south was better off \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Articles of Confederation (cont)}}  \tn
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{\emph{fear of predatory powers}} & fear other countries would overtake them \tn 
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{\emph{public debt}} & both the people and the states had debt \tn 
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{\emph{growing radicalism}} & ex: Shay's rebelling 1786-1787 \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Principles Uniting the Framers}}} \tn 
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{\emph{equality}} & belief in rule of law (everybody subject to the law regardless of status), rights of all citizens (life, liberty, property) \tn 
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% Row 18
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{\emph{liberty}} & Bill of Rights (people are naturally free, government must protect these freedoms), protection of property (unless via due process of law), Other provisions (comity clauses—have all rights unless due process—, jury, limited government) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 12)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{ "Majority Rule/Minority Rights"}} & Congressional representation (reps by population in the House, Senate based on state—protects minority rights by giving equal voice to all states), separation of powers, checks and balance, executive authority \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Constitutions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Constitution}} & establishes basic rules of decision-making and power (basically who can do what and how) \tn 
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{\emph{purposes}} & establishes governments relationship with the people, framework of how government makes decisions (who makes decisions and over what), bargain, meant to endure (maintained only if makes sense to the governed and they believed in it and it will endure as long as people believe it's the better alternative or better than the work to take up a new alternative) \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{functions}} & reflect who we are, what we want to be, control on government (check on government power), establish patterns of authority \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Constitutions (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Should they endure?}} & Jefferson say constitutions should be rewritten every 19 years \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Reasons Constitutions Endure}}} \tn 
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{\emph{inclusion}} & large percentage of population included, people need to feel involved, represent lots of people \tn 
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{\emph{flexibility}} & adapt to change with the times to add and include more groups \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
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{\emph{specificity}} & lots of detail means it covers lots of topics therefore more people will work to enforce it \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Uniqueness of the US Constitution}} & has lasted 225+ years and most last \textasciitilde{}20 years, the US Constitution is really the first Constitution and many others are modeled after the US one \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bill of Rights}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1st Amendment & freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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2nd Amendment & right to bear arms \tn 
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3rd Amendment & no quartering of soldiers \tn 
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4th Amendment & no unlawful search and seizures \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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5th Amendment & due process of a law, no double jeopardy, right to silence (to not self-incriminate) \tn 
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6th Amendment & rights of the accused (speedy and public trial) \tn 
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7th Amendment & trial by jury in civil cases \tn 
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8th Amendment & no excessive bail or cruel/unusual punishment \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
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9th Amendment & rights of people preserved \tn 
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10th Amendment & powers reserved to the states \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Issues Dividing the Constitutional Convention}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Representation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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{\emph{Congress}} & People as basis of representation (Virginia Plan) versus states as basis of representation (New Jersey Plan) resulted in Connecticut Plan \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
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Virginia Plan & bicameral legislature, representatives allocated by population \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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New Jersey Plan & unicameral legislature, representatives allocated by state \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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Connecticut Plan & bicameral legislature—lower house by population, upper house by state (2 reps per state in upper house, all tax bills must originate in the House of Representatives—lower house—, lower house votes on impeachment articles while Senate does the trial to vote on conviction and removal) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 12)
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{\emph{President}} & elected by the people? elected by the congress? elected by state legislature? \tn 
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Compromise & Electoral College (states cast votes based on total number of members of congress: reps plus senators \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Issues Dividing the Constitutional Convention (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Limiting the Government}}} \tn 
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{\emph{Separation of Powers}} & aka "sharing of powers", the power to pass laws rests with Congress while the president has the power to enforce/execute the laws and the judicial branch interprets the laws \tn 
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{\emph{Checks and Balances}} & Congressional legislation must be signed by the president, presidential appointments must be confirmed by the Congress (Senate), the Supreme Court adjudicates on the constitutionality of acts of Congress and the actions of the president \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Federalism}} & governing system that allows two or more entities to share control over the same geographic region. Power is split among federal, state, and local governments. In the US, the power of the national government was substantially less than that of the state government (Article 10 of Constitution) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 12)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Issues Dividing the Constitutional Convention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
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{\emph{Bill of Rights}} & Included at the insistence of advocates of states' rights. There was concern over the list of rights: is a right not included on the NOT a fundamental right? \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{State Constitutions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Traditions in State Constitution Making}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\emph{Higher-law tradition}} & a constitution sets down an enduring body of principles and arrangement upon which government is founded (blueprint of core functions of government, not day to day detailing of activities, not legal code, avoid discussion of narrow policy concerns, structure not detail) \tn 
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John Marshall & most consequential Chief Justice (NOT THE FIRST CHIEF JUSTICE) \tn 
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{\emph{Positive Law Tradition}} & Constitution makers incorporate practices into state's fundamental law which had been establish by statue. Insulates existing offices, powers, and jurisdictions from legislative whim. This creates longer, detailed, and more rigid documents that blurred the line between what was appropriate for inclusion in the fundamental charter and what was the proper subject of legislative choice \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{State Constitutions (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{State Constitutional Endurance}}} \tn 
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{\emph{Constitutional Amendments}} & amendments show what we value and how that changes, we want documents to reflect will of people, hence why we have amendments \tn 
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{\emph{Reasons for Amendments}} & imperfect and educable human nature (helps adapt to changing circumstances), compensate for the limits of human understanding and virtue, constitutions viewed as a means to make collective decisions in the most efficient way possible and make the best possible decisions in pursuit of a common good, distinction between normal legislation and constitutional matters (constitutional matters require a distinctive, highly deliberate process which is more difficult than for normal legislature) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{State Constitutions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Which Constitutions are Amended?}} & longer constitutions amended more than shorter ones, the ones that are harder to amend are amended less, the more government functions are detailed the longer they meaning more amendments (also the further the amendment rate from mean the greater the probability the whole thing will be replaced) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Amendment Rates}} & US constitution (between 1789-1991) = .13 times per year while state constitutions = 1.23 per year \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{State Constitutions as Protests}} & sometimes states put things they can't enforce or are illegal per US constitution in their constitution as a means of protest against federal government to assert their beliefs/identity \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Federalism}} & shared powers between two or more levels of government (can help solve collective dilemmas—prevent states/units from going to war with each other, protect states/units from outside aggression, set national standards for labor and environmental laws) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{dilemmas of Federalism}} & autonomy can create incentives for regions to compete with each other \seqsplit{economically/politically}, autonomy can promote a struggle between regional government and the national government for resources and powers, autonomy may be used by regions to pursue policies that run counter to the values and interests of the majority within the nation as a whole, autonomy may be a stepping stone to complete independence and secession \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 22)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Federalism and Policy Laboratories}} & Federalism allows states to learn from each other. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Policy Laboratories & trying policies out \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Policy Diffusion & when states learn from other states and apply that to their own decisions (i.e. that worked well let's do that) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{How do states learn from each other?}} & horizontal policy diffusion \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Emulation of Success Hypothesis}} & states having successful policies are more likely to be copied (high support) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Seeking Low-Cost Successes Hypthesis}} & states copy successful policies with the lowest cost (high support) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Administrators Emulating Successes Hypothesis}} & decisions by administrations agencies will rely heavily on evidence of success because they have access to more info (low support) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Legislators Emulating Successes Hypothesis}} & legislators rely on evidence of success to get reelected (high support) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Similar States Hypothesis}} & states that look like each other emulate each other (high support) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{How do states learn from localities?}} & vertical policy diffusion \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{snowball effect}} & idea gets bigger and gains more support (causes bottom up change) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{pressure valve effect}} & stays at local level and does not cause bottom up change \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Influences on whether you have snowball or pressure valve effect}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
Professional vs Non-professional & Do legislators have full time jobs? yes (professional) = snowball, no (non-professional) = pressure valve \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Strong vs Weak Policy Advocates & Are interest groups strong enough to influence state? yes (strong) = snowball, no (weak) = pressure valve \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
Neighboring States and Federal Governments & Neighboring states (if they do it, we should) = snowball, Federal Governments (if they do it, why would we add on) = pressure valve \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
US Government Powers & print money (bills and coins), declare war, establish army and navy, enter into treaties with foreign governments, regulate commerce between states and international trade, establish post offices and issues \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
State Government Powers & establish local government, issue licenses, regulate intrastate commerce, conduct elections, ratify amendments to US constitutions, provide for public health and safety, public education, property laws, morals and ethics \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 11)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Periods of Federalism}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Dual Federalism (1819-1936)}} & US Government established the right to some powers vis-à-vis the states (ex. McCulloch v Maryland-1819 and Gibbons v Ogden-1824) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Cooperative Federalism (1936-present)}} & US government becomes partner, co-equal player with the states on many public policy matters (marble cake). FDR's New deal and Court Packing scheme helped usher this era into being and federal govenrment uses reward and punishment to influence policy-making at the state-level \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Competitive Federalism}} & change policies to one up other states to draw in businesses and citizens \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{race to the top}} & states compete by increasing resources for infrastructure and development to attract businesses (ideal) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{race to the bottom}} & states compete by decreasing costs of production (e.g. wages, taxes, and regulations) to attract businesses (the fear) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Federalism and the environment}} & lower environmental costs draw in businesses, but manufactures may be more likely to place the facilities on the border because those effected by the pollution will be in another state and will not have much influence on state legislature (gulf dead zone) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{State v State Conflicts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{boundary disputes}} & Rhode Island v Massachusetts (1838), The Commonwealth of Virginia v Tennessee (1893), New Jersey v New York (1998) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{resource access}} & Kansas v Colorado (1907), The Arkansas River Compact of 1949, New Jersey v New York (1931, 1954), Texas v New Jersey (1965), Texas v New Mexico (2020), Florida v Georgia (2020) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{environment and state conflict}} & Missouri v Illinois and Sanitary District of Chicago (1901), Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, and DC v EPA (2020), New York, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Rhode island, and Vermont v EPA \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Texas v the World}} & Tarrant Regional Water District v Herrmann, Rudolf J et al (2013), Texas v Georgia, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, Texas v California \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Dillon's Rule}} & based on 1907 Hunter v City of Pittsburgh: if there is a reasonable doubt whether a power has been conferred to a local government, then the power has not been conferred \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Home Rule}} & defined by each state's constitution, and it is the delegation of power from the state to its sub-units of government \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Categorical grants}} & limited scope, strictly defined, little discretion (use the money for this) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Block grants}} & given on uneven basis to states/localities that meet certain requirements, fair discretion \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Federalism (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Flat grants}} & allocated to states/localities across the board, substantial discretion (use for whatever) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Devolution}} & transfer of political power from federal to state level (2nd order=power goes from state to local, 3rd order=increased role of non-profits and private groups) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Liberties}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Negative Rights}} & limitation on what government can do (civil liberties, emphasized by modern philosophers, and curtails sovereignal freedoms of the government) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Positive Rights}} & things government is obligated to provide \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Jacobson v Massachusetts (1905)}} & MA tried to force Jacobson to get a small pox vaccine, court ruled in favor of MA but said you need to have necessity, proportionality, reasonable means, and harm avoidance to mandate immunizations (answers the question: under what conditions can the government force \seqsplit{immunizations—only} MS and WV have no exemptions) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 16)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Evolution of Free Speech}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Bad Tendency}} & not protected if public welfare harmed (Shaffer v US, 1919 and Abrams v US, 1919) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Liberties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Clear and Present Danger}} & not protected if it will create a clear and present danger (Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Schneck v US, 1919) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Fighting Words Doctrine}} & not protected if it will cause injury or immediately breach peace (Chaplinksi v New Hampshire, 1942) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Balancing Test}} & does this "evil", if discounted by improbability, justify invasion of free speech as is necessary to avoid the danger (Judge Learned Hand, ACA v Douds, 1950) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Incitement/Imminent Lawless Action}} & not protected if it will incite or produce imminent lawless action (Brandenburg v Ohio, 1969) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key Rights of the Accused}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Right against unreasonable Search and Seizure}} & US v Jacobson, 1984; consent to search, reasonable expectation of privacy, automobile exception (Reamey's Rule); probable cause, exigent circumstances (plain view) \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Liberties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Right against Self-Incrimination}} & Miranda v Arizona (1966) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Right to Counsel}} & Powell v Alabama (1932) and Gideon v Wainwright \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Affirmative Action (AA)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Philly Plan}} & Manning table (if city x\% race, company should be x\% race) shows workforce composition estimate \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Ethridge v Rhodes (the Ethridge Case) (1967)}} & plaintiffs sue because government denied them contract since their subcontractors were discriminating (RULED IN FAVOR OF AA) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Weimar v Cuyahoga College (1968)}} & plaintiffs sue because they lost government contract since they didn't provide a manning table (RULED IN FAVOR OF AA) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Bakke v UCRegents (1978)}} & plaintiff sue because rejected from med school since spots set aside for minorities (RULED AGAINST AA) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Liberties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Hopwood v Texas (1996)}} & plaintiff claimed she was denied law school admittance based on her race (RULED AGAINST AA) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Fisher v UT-Austin (2016)}} & plaintiff says UT's use of race as a consideration in admissions was a no no, UT said they just wanted more diversity (RULED IN FAVOR OF AA) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Rights}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Definition of rights}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Orlando Patterson's 3 Freedoms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
personal & ability to do what you want without being coerced but you can't coerce anyone else \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
sovereignal & do whatever you want without regard for others (impose will on others) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
civic & adults can participate in government \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Eric Foner's Natural Rights}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
civil rights & equality under law, essential \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
political rights & participate fully in governance of community (right to vote) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
social rights & choose who to associate (personally and in business) with \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Richard King's Liberal Freedoms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
freedom as autonomy & individual autonomy, self-determination, pride, and self-respect \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
participatory freedom & fully participate in politics \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
collective deliverance & liberation of group from external control \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Rights (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Rights and Race}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Civil rights Amendments}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
13th & no slavery (if Corwin—some people like TX and Buchan tried to pass—would have passed it would have been the 13th and kept slavery) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
14th & citizenship if born in US and everyone has equal protection of the laws \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
15th & former slaves can vote \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Race and the law}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Alabama miscegenation law & no interracial marriage (but they can't enforce it) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
1932 Susie Phipps sued Louisiana & she was classified as "colored" even though only 1/32 black, she lost, shows that states can regulate color status \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Gender and the Law}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Equal Rights Amendment}} & can't discriminate by gender, failed \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Gender and Workplace Discrimination}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson (1986) & sexual harassment would be considered illegal only if it caused psychological damage to the victim \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Rights (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ward's Cove Packaging v Antonio (1989) & burden of proof on accuser regarding race and gender discrimination \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
Harris v Forklift Systems (1993) & gender discrimination exists whenever it is more difficult for a person of one gender than another to perform well at a job \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Oncale v Sundowner Offshore Services Inc. (1998) & Title VII covers same-sex sexual harassment \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Title IX}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Davis v Monroe County Board of Education (1999) & must report sexual \seqsplit{harassment/discrimination} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
Jackson v Birmingham Board of Education (2005) & if you are retaliated against for speaking up against sexual discrimination you can sue \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sexuality and the Law}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Roe v Wade- January 23, 1973}} & right to privacy includes abortion, overturn could hurt other cases based on it \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Romer v Evans- May 20, 1996}} & Colorado saying homosexuals and bisexuals not protected violates Equal Protection Clause as it isn't a legitimate state interest \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Rights (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Lawrence v Texas- June 26, 2003}} & states can't ban gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer as they have a right to engage in private, consensual sexual conduct (overturned previous ruling on the same issue in the 1986 case Bowers v Hardwick that claimed the opposite) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Obergefell v Hodges- June 26, 2015}} & marriage equality and same sex marriage legal \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Bostock v Clayton County, GA- June 12, 2020}} & Title IX covers discrimination based on sexuality and gender identity \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Civil Rights Strategies}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Strategy 1: Legalism}} & using court system to attack segregation and discrimination \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
Plessy v Ferguson (1896) & allows segregation as "social distinction", "separate but equal", gave rise to Jim Crow Laws \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sweatt v Painter (1950) & the law schools are not equal, upholds "separate but equal" but says Sweatt was right in this case that the black law school was not up to standard \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Rights (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Brown v Board of Education & overturns "separate but equal" \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
limitations & expensive, incremental, slow, puts burden on victims, elite driven \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Strategy 2: Non-violent Direct Action (NVDA)}} & based on Gandhian notion of civil disobedience of unjust laws \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) & Rosa Parks, MLK, targets white power structure with economic pressure \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{applied in places like Selma, Atlanta, and Chicago} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
Why important? & rise of MLK as national leader, mobilize blacks, white northern supporters, provoked \seqsplit{counter-mobilization} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
limitations & people lost their lives, land, jobs, mized effectiveness, especially outside the south, limited effect on political power structure \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Strategy 3: Political Action}} & gaining control of ballot box \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Rights (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
major players & Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
Major actions & voter registration projects (Freedom Summer and Freedom Vote) and March on Washingotn to demand Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
limitations & limited initial increase in registered voters, few blacks elected until 1970s, splintering of the movement, public support dips with riots in Watts and Newark; main actors take stances on Vietnam \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{*Strategy 4: Black Power} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
positives & provided services for community, taught self-reliance, prompted positive Black images \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
negatives & weak leadership and organizational structure, paranoid and violent \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Interest Groups}} & collection of individuals/orgs working for the interests of their members, try to influence governments, but no candidates running in the name of the group \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Free Rider Problem}} & people can get benefits from group without contributing because many interest groups represent many people and the more free riders the less the group can do \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of goods}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{rivalrous}} & my enjoyment affects your enjoyment \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{excludable}} & you have to pay for it \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Private}} & excludable, rivalrous \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{common}} & non-excludable, rivalrous \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{club}} & excludable, non-rivalrous \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{public}} & non-excludable, non-rivalrous \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pluralism}} & ignores, free rider problem, says groups will naturally form, success determined by ability to mobilize members, all groups have equal chance to win \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{non-cumulative inequalities (Robert Dahl)}} & about groups mobilizing and working to their strengths \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Schattschnieder's Response}} & only applies to those with lots of resources \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Collective Action Problem}} & the goal we can achieve together when the whole group works together is greater than if some people don't contribute \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Incentives}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{material incentives}} & you are given money, products, services for participating, causes people to join but creates disconnect between leaders and members \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{specific solidarity incentive}} & status increases because you are a member (everything they do is based on public opinion) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{purposive incentives}} & you would feel bad about yourself if you didn't participate, hard to get members, but you get people with the strongest commitment \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Theories of Power}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Democracy (Aristotle)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Assumptions & people dictate political outcomes and public policies, direct democracy or elections and representative government are the mechanisms of power, people are well-informed interested and engaged \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 10)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
Criticisms & opportunities for direct democracy are extremely rare, access points for public input through representative government are limited and controlled, people do not seem to be well-informed or engaged when it comes to politics \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 12)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Elite Theory (c. Wright Mills, Noam Chomsky)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
Assumptions & elites rule and their goal is to maintain power, their is a circulation of the ruling elites, elites share a concensus about the norms of the social and political system, elites rule through institutions, the masses are ill-informed and passive \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Criticisms & dichotomous zero-sum approach (you either have power or not which is reductive), conspiratorial (can't test proposition of theory), assumption of common, homogenous interests of elites is not realistic, existence of elites does not equal elitism or elite theory \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{*Interest Groups \seqsplit{Liberalism/Pluralism/Polyarchy} (Robert Dahl)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
assumptions & groups leader positions are open and group leaders are elected by their constituents, these leaders engage in decision making, leaders compromise to make decisions, counter-veiling powers and different issues prevent the accumulation of power with any one interest \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
criticisms & most important decisions are private, not public (two-faces of power), it is not true that all potential groups in a society have the potential to mobilize and get represented (class nature), group leadership does not represent rank and file membership \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
why are they becoming more popular & cultural diversity, economic developments, and government policy (maybe innovative leadership) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Movements as Interest Groups}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{social movement}} & large mass based collective action, protest behavior, they locate people with similar interest, form groups, coordinate actions, then become part of Washington \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pluralism and Social Movements}} & pluralists argue protest behavior is irrational and done by trouble makers; they claim that insider politics are the only rational and acceptable form of interacting with institutions \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Classical Model from Piven, Frances Fox and Richard A. Cloward 1977}} & for marginalized groups protest activity is the main resource they have to influence institutions (protest behavior shaped by institutional access) and the protest emerge with high levels of consciousness and disturbances \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Movements as Interest Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Resource Model from Morris, Aldon D 1984}} & social movements are efforts geared toward social change (creativity and innovation are important), organizers and participants are ration, preexisting institution, leaders, and organizations are critical \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Doug McAdam's Critique}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Critique on Pluralism}} & argues that social movements are irrational (if everyone is able to sit at the table, then there is no need for protests and outsider tactics \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Critique on the Classical Model}} & treats social movements as an attempt to overcome psychological strain (structural strain -\textgreater{} disruptive psychological state -\textgreater{} social movement) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Critique on resource model}} & "tactical response" so dependent upon existence of established organization and a reliance on elites (elite activity may not lead to social movements but be a reaction to the emergence of a social movement) \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Movements as Interest Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{McAdam's Political Protest Model}} & social movements are political not purely psychological, they are born and die, and they are an ongoing product of the interplay of environmental and internal factors (expanding political opportunities, indigenous organizational strength, cognitive liberation) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Does Protest Work}} & yes but it must include forms of salient political behavior \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{salient political behaviors are political activities that...}} & involves 100+ people, lasts more than 1 day, supported by political organizations, results in property damage, draws a political presence, leads to an arrest, involves people carrying weapons, leads to injury, involves death (basically if you can get someone's attention then you can create change) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 15)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups, Lobbying}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Federal Election Campaign Act (1971, 1974)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Main Provisions}} & (1) Limits on individual contributions (\$1000 per election per campaign) (2) limits on candidate expenditures (ruled unconstitutional in Buckley v Valeo, 1976 (3) Definition and regulation of Political Action Committees (PACs) (4) disclosure requirements for candidates and parties in federal elections (5) establishment of Federal Election Commission (FEC) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 18)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Effects}} & (1) Huge increase in number of interest groups (PACs) (2) huge increase in money in election campaigns (3) soft money funneled through political parties (can't be used to say who to vote or not vote for) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{loopholes}} & (1) soft money (2) independent expenditures (3) bundling \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups, Lobbying (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{**Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) (2002)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Main Provisions}} & (1) increase in individual contribution levels (\$2000 per candidate per campaign, indexed for inflation \$2700 in 2018) (2) outlaws soft money to national, state, and local parties (3) limits soft money spent by PACs and outside interest groups \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 12)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Effects}} & (1) increase in money in politics (2) increase in 527 groups \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
527 Groups & tax-exempt organizations organized under Section 527 of the US Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C., 527). A 527 group is created primarily to influence the selections, nomination, election, appointment, or defeat of candidates to federal, state or local public office \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 13)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Citizens United Decision (2009)}} & non-profit group spent money advertising money movie bashing Hilary Clinton in an apparent violation of BCRA. Supreme Court ruled against BCRA, saying the parts of it that limit groups form spending money in political campaigns violates the 1st Amendment \tn 
% Row Count 42 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups, Lobbying (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Currently...}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Groups can spend as much as they want on election campaigns limited by economic constraints and off-set by individual contributions and new ways of selecting contributions (online targeting)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{We are seeing a rise of "Super PACs", "C4s", and "Dark Money"} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Super PACs}} & can't make contributions to candidates campaigns or parties, BUT can engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns and CAN raise money from individuals, corporations, union, and other groups with no legal limit on donation size \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 12)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Section 501(c)(4) aka C4s}} & tax exempt "social welfare" groups (operated exclusively for social welfare and net earnings go to charitable, educational, or recreational purposes), no explicit prohibition on political activities, can't directly advocate but can do any other lawful political activities as long as social welfare remains the primary focus \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interest Groups, Lobbying (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{Dark Money}} & money given to nonprofits (C4s) that can receive unlimited donationd from corporations, individuals, and unions, they can spend money to influence elections and are NOT required to disclose donors \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}