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\author{DaveLee}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (internet-of-things-iot-overview-and-security.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (DaveLee)
  /Subject (Internet of Things (IoT) Overview \& Security Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Internet of Things (IoT) Overview \& Security Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{DaveLee} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/186743/cs/39052/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}DaveLee \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/davelee} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 1st June, 2023.\\
   Updated 1st June, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT Security Best Practices}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Maintain Up-to-Date Firmware:}} & Always maintain your IoT devices' firmware and software up-to-date. Manufacturers frequently publish security fixes to fix flaws. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
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{\bf{2. Make Use Of Strong Passwords: }} & Create robust passwords for each IoT device and change them frequently. Do not use default or simple passwords. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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{\bf{3. Implement Encryption:}} & For data transfer between IoT devices and servers, implement encryption. End-to-end encryption should be used, and powerful encryption methods like AES should be used. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{4. Regulate Network Access: }} & Regulate how much network access IoT devices have. To prevent unwanted access, use virtual private networks (VPNs) and firewalls. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 4
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{\bf{5. Implement Two-Factor Authentication:}} & When logging into IoT networks, devices, and data, use two-factor authentication. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT Security Best Practices (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{6. Implement Access Control Techniques}} & to limit access to IoT devices based on identities, roles, and permissions. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
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{\bf{7. Track and Analyze IoT Traffic:}} & Track and examine IoT device traffic to and from the devices to look for unusual or suspicious activity. To recognize and stop assaults, employ intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS). \tn 
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% Row 7
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{\bf{8. Use Secure Protocols:}} & To communicate data between IoT devices and servers, use secure protocols like HTTPS, TLS, and SSL. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 8
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{\bf{9. Segment IoT networks from the main network}} & to stop lateral attacker movement in the event of a breach. Utilize network segmentation strategies like VLANs and subnets. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
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{\bf{10. Educate Users:}} & Inform users of safe device usage and IoT security recommended practices. Show them how to spot questionable activity and report it. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT Security Best Practices (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{11. Disable unneeded Services: }} & To lessen the attack surface on IoT devices, disable any unneeded services or protocols. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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{\bf{12. Regularly verify your security protocols}} & including vulnerability scanning, penetration testing, and security audits. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
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{\bf{13. Use Trustworthy IoT Devices:}} & Only use trustworthy IoT devices from recognized manufacturers. Before buying, do your research on the gadgets to make sure they adhere to privacy and security standards. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
% Row 13
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{\bf{14. Safely Store Data:}} & Use encryption and access control techniques to safely store IoT data, including backups and archives. \tn 
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{\bf{15. Secure Key Management with \{\{link="https://utimaco.com/products/technologies/hardware-security-modules/what-hardware-security-module-hsm"\}\}HSM\{\{/link\}\}}} & Implement Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) for secure key management in IoT devices. Use HSMs to generate, store, and protect cryptographic keys used for encryption, decryption, and digital signatures. HSMs provide a tamper-resistant environment for key storage, preventing unauthorized access or extraction of keys. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 16)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{link="https://utimaco.com/solutions/industries/manufacturing-iot/manufacturing-iot-data-security-cloud"\}\}IoT data security\{\{/link\}\} is essential for protecting the integrity and safety of IoT networks and devices. To reduce risks, IoT security needs regular monitoring, updates, and enhancements. You can defend your devices, data, and infrastructure from cyber threats by being watchful and taking a proactive approach.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Comparison between device SDKs and embedded SDKs}}  \tn
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{\bf{Feature}} & {\bf{Device SDKs}} & {\bf{Embedded SDKs}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\seqsplit{Definition} & Collection of software libraries and tools for devices & Software development tools for embedded systems \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
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\seqsplit{Hardware} \seqsplit{platform} & Specific devices or hardware platforms & Embedded systems or \seqsplit{microcontrollers} \tn 
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\seqsplit{Abstraction} Level & Higher-level APIs and services & Low-level access to hardware peripherals and interfaces \tn 
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\seqsplit{Functionality} & Device integration, data collection, device management & Firmware development, low-level software \tn 
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\seqsplit{Development} \seqsplit{environment} & Integration with popular development environments & Specialized development environments \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
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Use Cases & Smart devices, IoT devices, hardware peripherals & Embedded systems, \seqsplit{microcontrollers}, real-time systems \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microcontrollers boards}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Arduino:}} & is a publicly available electronics platform providing a range of microcontrollers and development boards, featuring an accessible programming interface and a user-friendly development environment. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Raspberry Pi:}} & a widely used single-board computer that functions as a microcontroller and operating system combined. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
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{\bf{ESP8266: }} & due to its low power consumption, this compact and affordable Wi-Fi microcontroller is frequently used in Internet of Things (IoT) devices. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 3
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{\bf{The ESP32:}} & a well-known microcontroller with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi integrated in that offers improved functionality. \tn 
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% Row 4
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{\bf{STM32:}} & Microcontrollers in the STM32 family are frequently used in industrial and commercial IoT applications because of their toughness and robustness. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microcontrollers boards (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{PIC:}} & a family of microcontrollers that are well-liked in IoT and embedded systems due to their low power needs and usability. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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{\bf{Atmel:}} & is a family of microcontrollers that is frequently utilized in IoT applications because of its great performance and low power requirements. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
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{\bf{NXP LPC:}} & a collection of microcontrollers that are frequently used in Internet of Things applications and feature integrated peripherals and communication interfaces. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
% Row 8
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{\bf{Texas Instruments MSP430:}} & a collection of ultra-low-power microcontrollers that are typically seen in battery-powered Internet of Things gadgets. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 9
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{\bf{Nordic Semiconductor nRF52:}} & a collection of high-performance, low-power microcontrollers used commonly in Internet of Things (IoT) applications that require wireless connections. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Topologies}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Star Topology:}} & IoT devices are connected to a central hub. \tn 
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{\bf{Mesh Topology:}} & IoT devices are connected to each other in a decentralized network. \tn 
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{\bf{Bus Topology:}} & IoT devices are connected to a common data transmission line. \tn 
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{\bf{Ring Topology:}} & IoT devices are connected in a circular network. \tn 
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{\bf{Tree Topology:}} & IoT devices are connected in a hierarchical network. \tn 
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{\bf{Hybrid Topology:}} & Combines two or more topologies to form a more complex network. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-network-topology/}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cloud platforms for IoT}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{AWS:}} & A complete suite of cloud computing services, encompassing IoT services, designed to empower developers in creating, deploying, and overseeing IoT applications. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Microsoft Azure:}} & is a comprehensive cloud computing platform offering a wide array of services to facilitate the development, testing, deployment, and management of IoT applications. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
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{\bf{Google Cloud Platform (GCP):}} & A suite of cloud computing services that empower developers to create, test, and deploy IoT applications using Google's robust infrastructure. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 3
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{\bf{IBM Watson IoT:}} & A cloud-based service that empowers developers with the capabilities to construct, oversee, and analyze IoT applications efficiently. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cloud platforms for IoT (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Oracle IoT:}} & A cloud-based service that enables developers to effectively build and manage IoT applications utilizing Oracle's advanced infrastructure. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 5
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{\bf{ThingWorx:}} & A platform designed to simplify the creation and deployment of IoT applications, providing tools for seamless device connectivity, efficient data management, and intuitive dashboard creation. \tn 
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% Row 6
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{\bf{Salesforce IoT:}} & A platform tailored for seamless integration and management of IoT devices and data within the Salesforce ecosystem. \tn 
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% Row 7
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{\bf{Siemens MindSphere:}} & A cloud-based platform specifically developed for industrial IoT applications, equipped with robust tools for data analytics, machine learning, and predictive maintenance. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cloud platforms for IoT (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Cisco IoT Cloud Connect:}} & A cloud-based platform providing management services for connectivity of IoT devices, ensuring secure and scalable communication between devices. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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{\bf{GE Predix:}} & A cloud-based platform offering tools for data analytics, machine learning, and predictive maintenance to facilitate the construction and deployment of industrial IoT applications. \tn 
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{\bf{SAP Leonardo IoT:}} & A cloud platform that provides a wide range of tools for data processing, analytics, and machine learning to help developers build and deploy effective IoT applications. \tn 
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{\bf{PTC ThingWorx:}} & A cloud-based platform tailored for building and deploying industrial IoT applications that provides tools for device connectivity, data processing, and visualization. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cloud platforms for IoT (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Alibaba Cloud IoT:}} & A cloud-based platform offering a range of services for IoT applications, including device management, data processing, and analytics. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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{\bf{Baidu Cloud IoT:}} & A chinese cloud-based platform equipped with tools for device connectivity, data processing, and analytics, along with machine learning and AI services. \tn 
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{\bf{Particle:}} & An IoT cloud platform that facilitates the construction and administration of IoT applications, offering a suite of tools for seamless device connectivity, efficient data processing, and insightful analytics. \tn 
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{\bf{AWS IoT Greengrass:}} & A cloud-based platform empowering IoT applications with edge computing capabilities, allowing data processing and analysis to occur at the network's edge for improved efficiency and responsiveness. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Real-time operating systems (RTOS)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Mbed OS:}} & An open-source RTOS for IoT devices, supporting multiple communication protocols. \tn 
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{\bf{NuttX:}} & A lightweight and portable open-source RTOS for resource-constrained IoT devices. \tn 
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{\bf{RIOT:}} & An open-source RTOS optimized for low-power consumption and diverse communication protocols in IoT. \tn 
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{\bf{CMSIS-RTOS:}} & An open-source RTOS with a standardized API for microcontrollers in IoT devices. \tn 
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{\bf{eCos:}} & An open-source RTOS for embedded systems and IoT devices with support for various architectures. \tn 
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{\bf{Contiki:}} & An open-source RTOS with broad communication protocol support, including IPv6, for IoT. \tn 
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{\bf{FreeRTOS:}} & An open-source RTOS widely used in IoT devices with support for multiple architectures. \tn 
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{\bf{ThreadX:}} & A commercial RTOS with a small memory footprint and efficient context switching for resource-constrained IoT devices. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Real-time operating systems (RTOS) (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Zephyr: }} & An open-source RTOS for IoT devices with limited resources, supporting multiple architectures. \tn 
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{\bf{Nucleus RTOS:}} & A commercial RTOS with low latency, high throughput, and real-time performance for industrial automation and automotive applications. \tn 
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{\bf{VxWorks:}} & A commercial RTOS with high reliability, real-time performance, and multi-architecture support for critical IoT applications. \tn 
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{\bf{Micrium OS:}} & A commercial RTOS with fast context switching and a low memory footprint for low-power IoT devices. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Critical applications that demand real-time performance might benefit from RTOS in the IoT by getting predictable and deterministic response times. They are employed in healthcare, automotive, and industrial automation, and because they feature low-power modes, they are perfect for use in IoT devices that run on batteries. In IoT systems, RTOS is crucial for quick and dependable processing.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT standards and protocols}}  \tn
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{\bf{802.11 (Wi-Fi):}} & A standard for wireless local area networks that are widely used in IoT applications \tn 
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{\bf{Zigbee:}} & is a widely used low-power wireless protocol for industrial and home automation applications. \tn 
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{\bf{Z-Wave:}} & For low-power Internet of Things devices, this wireless protocol is used in home automation applications. \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\bf{LoRaWAN:}} & is a low-power, long-range wireless protocol that's widely used in Internet of Things applications like smart cities and smart agriculture. \tn 
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% Row 4
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{\bf{Sigfox:}} & a commonly used wide-area, low-power network protocol for IoT applications like asset tracking and environmental monitoring. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT standards and protocols (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):}} & A lightweight protocol for IoT devices that are designed for use in constrained environments such as smart homes and industrial automation. \tn 
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{\bf{MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):}} & A protocol for lightweight messaging between IoT devices and servers. \tn 
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{\bf{HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):}} & A protocol that is widely used in IoT applications for communication between devices and servers over the internet. \tn 
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{\bf{OPC UA (Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture):}} & A standard for communication between industrial automation devices. \tn 
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% Row 9
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{\bf{KNX (Konnex):}} & a standardized protocol for home automation that facilitates communication between devices produced by various manufacturers. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bluetooth:}} & A wireless protocol that is widely used in IoT applications for short-range communication between devices. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT standards and protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{NFC (Near Field Communication)}} & A wireless protocol widely employed in IoT applications to enable contactless communication between devices. It allows for secure and convenient data exchange over short distances. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Thread}} & Thread An IPv6-based wireless protocol optimized for low-power IoT devices. It finds extensive usage in home automation applications, providing reliable and efficient connectivity for smart devices within a network. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 11)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{UDP (User Datagram Protocol): }} & A protocol that is widely used in IoT applications for lightweight, real-time communication between devices. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{DMX512 (Digital Multiplex):}} & A protocol that is widely used in stage lighting and architectural lighting applications. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT standards and protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
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{\bf{LWM2M: }} & A standard for managing IoT devices over the internet. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{DDS-XRCE:}} & A standard for real-time communication between IoT devices in extremely \seqsplit{resource-constrained} environments. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{IEC 61400-25:}} & A standard for communication between wind turbines and grid management systems. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 18
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{\bf{ISO 15118:}} & A standard for communication between electric vehicles and charging infrastructure. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{IPSO :}} & A standard for defining data models and communication protocols for smart IoT devices. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{MQTT-SN:}} & A version of MQTT that is designed for use in wireless sensor networks. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{OPC UA PubSub: }} & A protocol for real-time communication between industrial automation devices. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IoT standards and protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
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{\bf{AMQP:}} & A protocol for message-oriented middleware that is used in IoT applications for reliable, asynchronous communication. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy):}} & A wireless protocol that is widely used in IoT applications for short-range communication between devices. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ISA100 Wireless:}} & A standard for wireless communication in industrial automation applications. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{WirelessHART:}} & A wireless protocol that is widely used in process automation applications. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Modbus:}} & A protocol for communication between industrial devices. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{link="https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/other/iot.pdf"\}\}IEEE standards PDF\{\{/link\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Actuators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Electric motors}} are devices that utilize electrical energy to rotate objects and are extensively utilized in various applications such as robotics, industrial automation, and HVAC systems.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Solenoid valves}} are employed in numerous applications to regulate the flow of fluids or gases. They find usage in systems such as irrigation systems, pneumatic systems, and HVAC systems.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Piezoelectric actuators}} are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. They have diverse applications in activities such as scanning probe microscopy, nanopositioning, and micropositioning.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Hydraulic actuators}} generate mechanical motion using hydraulics and are commonly found in heavy-duty equipment like construction tools, industrial machinery, and aerospace applications.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pneumatic actuators}} utilize compressed gas or air energy to create mechanical motion, enabling control over the final control elements.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Shape memory alloys (SMAs)}} are employed as actuators in various fields, including robotics and medical equipment, owing to their ability to change shape in response to temperature or electrical stimulation.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Electroactive polymers (EAPs)}} find application as actuators in soft robotics and biomimetic systems, simulating the mobility and flexibility of natural muscles.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Shape-memory polymers (SMPs):}} Because they can adapt to changes in temperature, they are used as actuators in a variety of fields, including aerospace, robotics, and smart textiles.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Actuators (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Electrostatic actuators:}} in order to manipulate particles and regulate movement, they are used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microfluidics.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Thermal bimorph actuators}} are used in many MEMS and sensor-related applications.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Temperature sensors}} are commonly utilized in a variety of applications, including home automation, HVAC systems, and food storage, to accurately assess the temperature of their immediate surroundings. Thermocouples, RTDs (resistance temperature detectors), and thermosiphons are among the examples of temperature sensors frequently employed in these contexts.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Pressure sensors}} find widespread use in industrial automation, automotive, and medical devices, where monitoring the pressure of gases or liquids is crucial. Optical, capacitive, and piezoresistive sensors are just a few examples of pressure sensors utilized in these applications.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Humidity sensors}} play a significant role in HVAC systems, building automation, and environmental monitoring systems by measuring the moisture content in the air. Capacitive humidity sensors, resistive humidity sensors, and thermal conductivity sensors are among the various types of humidity sensors employed in these domains.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Accelerometers}} are extensively utilized in the automotive, aerospace, and industrial automation sectors for monitoring acceleration or vibration. Capacitive and MEMS \seqsplit{(Micro-Electro-Mechanical} Systems) accelerometers are examples of such sensors commonly employed in these industries.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Light sensors:}} photodetector devices that detect light are known as light sensors. Photodiodes, photoresistors, phototransistors, and photovoltaic sensors are typical varieties of light detectors. Applications like mobile device light detection can make use of these components.} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gas sensors}} are essential for the identification of various gases in environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and medicinal applications. Carbon monoxide, oxygen, and hydrogen sensors are just a few of the sensors that are frequently used in these sectors.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{In robotics, consumer electronics, and automotive applications, {\bf{magnetic sensors}} are frequently utilized because they can monitor a magnetic field's strength and direction. Magnetoresistive, Hall-effect, and fluxgate sensors are some types of sensors.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gyroscopes}} are common in robotics, virtual reality, and navigation. They are sensors that measure angular velocity. MEMS gyroscopes, fiber optic gyroscopes, and ring laser gyroscopes are a few examples.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.672 cm} x{2.964 cm} x{2.964 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Comparison between sensors and actuators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Feature}} & {\bf{Sensor}} & {\bf{Actuator}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Function}} & Detect and measure physical or environmental changes & Control or manipulate physical systems \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Input}} & Physical or environmental changes & Electrical or other types of energy \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Output}} & Electrical signals or data & Mechanical motion \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Importance}} & Important for data collection and monitoring systems & Essential for control and automation systems \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Interconnectivity}} & Often networked with other sensors or devices & Controlled by sensors or other devices \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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{\bf{Power requirements}} & Generally low power & Generally high power \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Firmware Over-the-Air (FOTA) updates}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{IoT devices can have their firmware updated remotely through a wireless network using firmware over-the-air (FOTA) upgrades without physical access or user intervention, ensuring that the devices are safe and current.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GPS modules}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Adafruit Ultimate GPS Breakout:}} & A GPS module that provides accurate location data for IoT devices, with support for various communication protocols. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{u-blox NEO-M8N GPS Module:}} & A compact and high-precision GPS module with low power consumption, ideal for use in IoT devices. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{SparkFun GPS-RTK2 Board:}} & A GPS module that supports real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, providing centimeter-level accuracy for IoT applications. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{GlobalTop Gms-u1LP GPS Module:}} & A low-power GPS module with fast time-to-first-fix and low power consumption, ideal for use in battery-powered IoT devices. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{SIMCom SIM33EAU GPS Module:}} & A GPS module with low power consumption and support for various communication protocols, making it ideal for use in IoT devices. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GPS modules (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Quectel L76-L GPS Module:}} & A high-sensitivity GPS module with low power consumption and support for multiple satellite systems, making it ideal for use in IoT devices. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{GPS modules in IoT provide real-time location data for assets, vehicles, and people. They enable tracking and monitoring in the logistics, transportation, and healthcare industries. GPS modules are essential for accurate and reliable location information in IoT systems.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}