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\author{daniya (daniya)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (company-law-dealing-with-insider-outsiders.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (daniya (daniya))
  /Subject (Company Law | Dealing with Insider + Outsiders Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Company Law | Dealing with Insider + Outsiders Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{daniya (daniya)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/183845/cs/38298/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}daniya (daniya) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/daniya} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 23rd April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{summary of facts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- briefly state case facts} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- mention issues at hand} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- topics to which question relates} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{general introduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{before continuing further, we denote a company to be a seperate legal entity (SLP) with its own corporate persoanlity, divorce from that of its shareholders and directors ({\bf{Saloman v.Saloman}}). The operation of such are trascribed within the Companies Act, 2006 (CA, 2006) where subcribers to a company undertake a supervisory role by becoming shreholder and in appointing directors; transfer executive powers onto them so as to oversee conduct business} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{key management powers in Model Articles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Rag3.}} gen. authority to manage company's business bestowed upon directors (Ds)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{BoDs are primary weilding organ of company} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Howard Smith v. Ampol Petroleum}} - BoD can take decisions agianst majority SH's wishes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{HOWEVER}}, SH can remove D though simple majority (ordinary resolution of 51\%)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{decide whether to give SH dividends during general meeting of SH} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{key member powers in Model Articles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Reg4.}} shareholders (SHs) reserve power to direct Board via special resolution of 75\% majority} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{general meeting - supervisory role (election/removal of Ds, share issuance, D renumeration)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} usually call by Board {\bf{BUT}} SH with 5\% holding to requisition meeting ({\bf{{\emph{s.303}}}})} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} COurts empowered to order gen. meeting ({\bf{{\emph{s.306}}}}) - mostly used where minority seeks to use qorum req. to prevent majority from passing resolutions ({\bf{Union Music v. Watson}})} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{alteration to AoA via special resolution of 75\% majority ({\bf{{\emph{s.21 CA, 2006}}}})} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{quorum requirement - generally, at least 2 people ({\bf{{\emph{s.318 CA, 2006}}}}) but may be changed through AoA ammendment} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Re Duomatic}} - unanimous informal consent of SH in decision making is as good as formal resolutions} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{section 21 (CA, 2006)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{articles can be amended upon SH's discretion through special resolution} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Re Duomatic}} - informal amendments to AoA are valid} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\} ammendements shouldn't benefit majority at minority's expense} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Allen v. Gold Reefs}} - should be exercised bona fide for company's benefit} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a)  qualified subjective test: judge's opinion not considered | {\bf{view of {\emph{reasonable}} SH in situation condsidered}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{b) {\bf{Greenhalgh}} - 'company's benefitas a whole'= was alteration 'discriminatory b/w SHs (VERY HARD TO PROVE)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- 1 area where Courts readily stike down alterations- SHARES COMPULSORILY BOUGHT ({\bf{Brown v BAW}}) {[}b/c infringement of property rigths{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{alternatively, minority SH can seek statutory minority protection u/s. {\bf{994 CA, 2006}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{HOSTILITY IN COMPANY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{valid gen. meeting requires at least 2 SH (s.318), but minority SH may not attend where company only has 2 SH} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- here, majority can ask Courts to order a valid meeting where quorum req. isn't met ({\bf{{\emph{s.306}}}})} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Union Music v. Watson}} - HOWEVER, where SH agreement where voting rights are mentioned is present, no such grant by Courts} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{RESTRICTION TO ALTERATIONS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{counter\}\}. alteration not made {\emph{'bona fide'}} in company's interest, minority can apply to courts \& have it overturned ({\bf{Allen v. Gold Reefs}})} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{section 21 (CA, 2006) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\} rarely succeeds} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{counter\}\}. class rights as a SH} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cumbrian Newspapers}} - class rights= rights not attached to shares || provided to SH {\bf{{\emph{by name}}}} via AoA || right only enjoyed by subset of SH \& {\bf{{\emph{isn't an outsider right}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{counter\}\}. provisions for entrenchment} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{provisions within AoA incapable of alterations later} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{usually occur proviso articles requiring {\bf{{\emph{unanimous resolution}}}} to pass for change to be enforceable} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{section 33 (CA, 2006)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{AoA is a contract b/w members and the company} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- can be amended w/o unanimous consent (only special majority required)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- AoA binds future members of company as well} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. by company on SH → yes, {\bf{{\emph{s.33 (CA, 2006)}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. by SH on company → only where PERSONAL RIGHTS (PR) are affected} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- including voting rights, protection of class rights, share transfer, pre-emption, claim declared dividend, appoint Ds} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\} however, enforecement of such is still contradictory} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{MacDougall v. Gardinaer}} - right to poll upheld} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Pender v. Lushington}} - right to vote in general meeting upheld} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. by SH on another SH (Interse contract) - unclear} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Wood v. Odessa}} - contract b/w SHs is valid} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Salmon v. Quinn}} - contract b/w SHs unenforceable} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Rayfield v. Hands}} - AoA is directly enforceable b/w members} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{ involved quasi-partnership \& breach of pre-emption right in AoA, rights were enforced}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. by outsider (D or Creditor) - no} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Salmon v. Quinn}} - if rights of SH have TANGENTIAL effect n his rights as D} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{SHAREHOLDER'S AGREEMENT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{due to uncertainity of AoA enforcement b/w SH, they enter seperate SH agreements} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{section 33 (CA, 2006) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{benefit from ease of enforcement - {\bf{Puddenphatt v. Leith}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{company is also party to these agreements {\bf{BUT}} can't agree to limit its constitutional rights} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Punt v. Symons}} - company can't contract out of its right to alter AoA} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Rusell v. N. Bank}}- agreement can't be enforced against company} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{section 39 (CA, 2006)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- objects (principal line of business) of the company} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}  {\bf{HISTORY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- companies originally viewed as public bodies , acting beyond conferred powers was {\emph{ultra vires}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\emph{ultra vires}} doctrine served to protect SH \& creditors via {\bf{objects}} limitation} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- BUT doctrine proved problamatic for Courts (dynamic nature of companies leads to diversyfing portfolio BUT altering {\bf{objects}} was limited + interplay with {\emph{constructive notice}} left 3rd party contract unenforceable)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- originally, Courts approach was strict({\bf{Ashbury Railway}}) but gradually got more lax ({\bf{Bell Houses}})} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\} {\emph{ approch shows acknowledgement of companies as a private entity}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{REFORMS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- reform via {\bf{{\emph{s.39}}}}, replacing s.35 of 1985 Act (read with {\bf{{\emph{s.31}}}}) allows companies to now have unlimited objects clause or not mention it at all} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Company's Act, 1985,{\bf{{\emph{ s.3A}}}} \& {\bf{{\emph{4}}}} allowed changes to + widening of objects clause} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{CURRENT LAW}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- obligations of UK to European Community led to replcaing constructive notice with 'good faith' requirement} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- objects can also be altered proviso {\bf{{\emph{s.21}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- issue of company's powers reduced to whether decision was undertaken by proper authority ({\bf{{\emph{s.40}}}})} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{section 40 (CA, 2006)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{signing of contact without proper internal authority} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- previously doctrine of {\emph{constructive notice}} upheld - now {\bf{{\emph{indoor management}}}} ({\bf{RBB v. Turquand}}) enshired {\bf{{\emph{u/s. 40}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2 requirements for principle to be satisfied} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} action undertaken via {\bf{actual}} or {\bf{apparent}} authority of D} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} contract achieved by 3rd party in {\bf{{\emph{'good faith'}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{ACTUAL AUTHORITY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- expressly or impliedly conferred via AoA or the individual's poistion (as a D)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- could be i mplied through the position one occupies within the corporate structure ({\bf{HH v. Brayhead}})} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{APPARENT AUTHORITY}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{criteria laid out in {\bf{{\emph{Freeman v. Buckhurst}}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{counter\}\}. representation that agent had authority on behalf of company} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{counter\}\}. authority granted by person with {\bf{actual}} authority} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{counter\}\}. contractor (3rd party) induced by such representation to enter into contract} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{other attribution issues}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{VICARIOUS LIABILITY UNDER TORT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Campbell v. Paddington}} - Courts accepted VL for civil  liability only (company liable for employee's acts)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{PREVIOUSLY}}, organic thoery was followed - liable individual \& company considered a single entity  ({\bf{Asiastic Petroleum}})} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\}  incompatible with {\bf{{\emph{Saloman principle}}}} + difficulty in attributing fault upon 1 individual} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{CURRENT LAW}} follows control theory - attribution of liability by considering who {\emph{controllers of the company were}} ({\bf{Meridian Global Funds}})} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\} compatible with {\bf{{\emph{Saloman principle}}}}  + advantage of holding lower-rung employees accountable ({\bf{McNicholas}})} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{regardless, organic theory still holds ground (Moore Stephans)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{CORPORATE MANSLAUGHTER}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{PREVIOUSLY}} organic theory was applied here too} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\}  corporate structre too complex to attribute {\emph{MR}} onto one person ({\bf{Jenkins v P\&O}})} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{CURRENTLY}}, 'corporate manslaughter' introduced by Government through seperate act in 2007} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-asterisk\}\}  is based around 'management failure' - management fall far below standard reasonably expected in such circumstances ({\bf{R v. Cotswald}})} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{removal of directors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{{\emph{s.168 CA, 2006}}}} - D can be removed by SH by passing ordinary resolution} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- employement contract specifiying time-span for employement will not prevent enforcement of removal ({\bf{{\emph{s.168(1)}}}})} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\} {\emph{HOWEVER}}, if removal in breach contract then Ds have right to compensation ({\bf{{\emph{s.168(5)}}}})} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LONG-TERM SERVICE CONTRACTS REQUIRE SH APPROVAL FOR THEM TO BE VALID}}* (by simple majority)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} i.e.; more than 2 years ({\bf{{\emph{s.188}}}})} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}