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  /Title (patho-unit6-neoplasia.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (damn)
  /Subject (Patho Unit6 Neoplasia Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Patho Unit6 Neoplasia Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{damn} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/195477/cs/41606/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}damn \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/damn} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 14th December, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nomenclature}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sacromas}} & Mesenchymal tumors \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Carcinomas}} & Epithelial tumors \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epidemiology (Acquired predisposing conditions)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Chronic inflammation} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Immunodeficiency states} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Precursor lesion} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical aspects}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Local effects of tumor encroachment of tissues/ organs} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2a. Functional activity e.g. Hormone synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2b. Paraneoplastic syndromes -\textgreater{} Ectopic hormone secretion} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Bleeding \& infections when tumor ulcerates thru adjacent surface} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. Rupture/ infarction} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5. Cachexia (Weakness, e.g. weight loss)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Molecular basis of cancer}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Nonlethal genetic damage} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Hallmark: Genetic alteration} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cancer genes (Target of genetic damage)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1{\bf{. Oncogene (Mutated gene)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Mutation from proto-oncogenes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. {\bf{Tumor suppressor genes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Prevent uncontrolled growth} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. {\bf{Apoptosis-regulating gene}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Overexpressed in cancer cell-\textgreater{} Protect against apoptosis} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. {\bf{Regulate interactions between tumor and host cells}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Change recognition of tumor by host immune system} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2. Insensitivity to Tumor suppressor signals}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Retinoblastoma Gene}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Active hypophosphorylated state: Halts cell cycle} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Inactive hyperphosphorylated state} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-{\bf{Heterozygosity: X Affect cell function}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{- Both to be inactivated to affect function}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{p53}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. {\bf{Cell cycle arrest}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. {\bf{ DNA repair}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. {\bf{Apoptosis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4. Evasion of cell death}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Overexpression of BCL-2 protein -\textgreater{} Long life} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{8. Evasion of immune surveillance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Host defence against tumor -{}- Tumor immune} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Tumor antigens}} & {\bf{Antitumor effectors}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Overexpressed cellular proteins, Oncogenic viral products, Differentiation antigens & - CD8+ \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- Oncogenic viral products & - NK lymphocytes \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Differentiation antigens & - Macrophages \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Humoral immunity \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Immune evasion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- Immunosuppression & - Selective  outgrowth \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Antigen masking & - X MHC expression \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
- Apoptosis of CD8+ & - X Costimulation \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{10. Tumor-promoting inflammation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Interaction between inflammatory cell\& tumor} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Proliferation-promoting factor release} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Growth suppressor removal} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Cell death resistance} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. Angiogenesis} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5. Invasion \& Metastasis} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{6. Immune evasion} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Benign Malignant differentiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Benign}} & {\bf{Malignant}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Differentiation \& anaplasia}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. {\bf{Well differentiated}} & 1. {\bf{Well to undifferentiated}} (Anaplasia: Functional\& structural differentiation loss) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Dysplasia (Disordered growth) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Carcinoma in situ (Non-invasive malignant tumor) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Rate of growth}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{- Correlates w./ level of differentiation} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{2. Progressive \& slow}} & 2.{\bf{ Erratic}} (Unpredictable) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Local invasion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
3.{\bf{ No}}, expansion w./ clear boundaries & 4. {\bf{Yes}}, infiltrate \& destroy \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Metastasis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{(1)Seeding of body cavities (2) Lymphatic spread (3) Hematogenous spread} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4. {\bf{Absent}} & 4. {\bf{Frequently present}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Proto-oncogenes}} & -Normal genes, promote proliferation \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Oncogenes}} & -Mutant version, function anonymously w./o growth-promoting signals \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Oncoproteins}} & -Proteins encoded \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Self-sufficient in:} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. {\bf{Growth factors \& receptors}} & 3. {\bf{Transcription factors}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
2. {\bf{Signal transduction proteins}} & 4. {\bf{Cyclins \& CDKs}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3. Altered cellular metabolism}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Warbug effect}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Aerobic situation: Distinct form of cellular metabolism} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{High levels of glucose uptake}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{Increased conversion of glucose to lactose via glycoyitic pathway}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5. Limitless replicative potential: Telomerase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Telomerase shorten with each cell division} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Cancer cell have enzyme that regenerate telomerase} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{6. Sustained angiogenesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Controlled by balance between angiogenesis promoter (VEGF) and inhibitors (bFGF)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7. Invasion \& Metastasis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Invasion of extracellular matrix} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{a. Loosening of intracellular junctions} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{b. Degradation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{c. Attatchment} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{d. Migration} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Embolus: Evade WBC killing} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{9. Genetic instability}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Both copies of DNA repair proteins are lost} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. Hereditary Nonpolyposis Cancer Syndrome}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2. BRCA-1 \& BRCA-2}} (80\% familial breast cancer, not sporadic-associated)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carcinogenic Agents}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. Chemical Carcinogenesis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Initiation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Carcinogen exposure -\textgreater{} permanent DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Promotion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Promoter induce tumor in initiated cell (Nontumorigenic)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Promoting agent enhance proliferation \& results in cancer} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2. Radiation Carcinogenesis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- UV rays (UVB, 280-320nm)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Ionizing radiation (X-ray, gamma ray, particles)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3. Oncogenic DNA viruses}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Papillomaviruses (HPV)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Hep B virus (HBV)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. Kaposi sacroma herpes virus (KSHV)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}