\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{cp2300}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (comp204-final.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (cp2300)
  /Subject (COMP204 Final Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
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\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
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\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
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\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
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\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{COMP204 Final Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{cp2300} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/103341/cs/21267/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}cp2300 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/cp2300} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 5th December, 2019.\\
   Updated 5th December, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Binary Numbers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/cp2300_1575513556_Screen Shot 2019-12-04 at 18.05.30.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Binary Numbers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
8 bits & 1 byte \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
16 bits & word \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
32 bits & double word \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
always at least 1 byte & add one to first number in sequence to make negative, add zeros to get full byte \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Machine Learning}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-program adjusts itself automatically to fit data, end result is a program trained to achieve a given task} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Supervised learning-given examples of input and desired outputs, predict outputs on future unseen inputs(classification, regression, time series)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Unsupervised learning-creates a new representation of the input} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reinforcement learning-learning action to maximize payoff} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Types of supervised learning tasks} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. classification- predict which predefined set of classes and example belongs to} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. regression - predict a real value} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. probability estimation - estimate probability of an event} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sensitivity = fraction of positive examples predicted to be positive} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{TP/(TP+FN)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Specificity= proportion of negative examples predicted negative} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{TN/(FP+TN)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{False-positive rate(FPR)= negatives predicted to be positive} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{FP/(FP+TN)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sets}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Set & stores an unordered set of objects, CANT BE INDEXED, no duplicates, only immutable objects contained \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
myset = set({[}{]}) & creates a set from a list \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
len(myset) & length of the set \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
if x in myset: & evaluates boolean condition \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
for element in myset: & iterate through set \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
for set1 = A and set2  = B, A\&B  = intersection & elements in common to A and B \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
A | B or A.union(B) & union of two sets \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
A-B & difference of sets, elements in A that are not in B \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & all these rules can be applied to multiple sets \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Integer Sequences}}  \tn
% Row 0
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range(start, end, step) & (start default is zero, step default 1) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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range(5) & 0 1 2 3 4 \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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range(3,8) & 3 4 5 6 7 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{range(len(seq))} & sequence of index of values in seq \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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range(2,12,3) & 2 5 8 11 \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
def functionname( arguments): & defines a function of given name with given arguments \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
return & only returns a certain value or string generated by the function, doesn't print, exits at this value \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
list = {[}{[}0 for i in range(ncols){]} for j in range(nrowns){]} & creates a two dimensional list of nrows and ncols filled with zeros \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Operations on Lists}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
lst = {[}{]} & creates empty list \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{lst.append(val)} & adds item to list at end \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{lst.extend(seq)} & add sequence of items at end \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
lst.insert(idx, val) & inserts item at index \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{lst.remove(val)} & remove first item in the list with value val \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
lst.pop(idx) & remove and return item at index \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{lst.sort()/lst.reverse()} & sort/reverse list in place \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{lst.min()/.max()} & finds the min/max \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{matplotlib.pyplot}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
.plot(x,y, color) & plots the x values to x values in a certain color \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
.show() & shows the graph \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{.ylabel(name)} & names y axis \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{.xlabel(name)} & names x axis \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
.savefig( figname) & saves image under figname \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OOP}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
class & defines \seqsplit{attributes(information} we want to keep together) and methods( operations want to be able to perform on that data) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
class \seqsplit{some\_class\_name:} & defines a class of some\_class\_name \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
def \_\_int\_\_(self, other attributes): & defines and initializes attributes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
object.method() & calls method on an object of that class \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bugs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sytax errors & violation of a writing rule \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Exceptions(runtime)} & syntax is fine, some other thing is occasionally \seqsplit{flawed:ZeroDivisionError(can't} divide by zero), NameError(can't access the variable), IndexError(When the index you are attempting to access does not exist), TypeError( operation on non-compatible type) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Logical (semantic) errors & code runs, but doesn't do what its supposed to \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
try: & does something that may cause an exception \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
except \textless{}SomeExceptionType\textgreater{}: & do something to handle the exception \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
raise{[} exception object {]} & raises a certain, defined type of exception \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
try, except, else & try something, that could cause the exception, if its fine, go to else \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
finally: & adds statement that happens no matter what \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
for a, b in zip(list 1, list 2): & iterates over elements of two lists in parallel, yields a tuple with both iterations \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{File Input/Output}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
f = open(myfile, 'x') & opens the file, x=r for reading only, x=w for writing only, x=a for appending, x=b for file in binary format, x=wr+ reading and writing and so on \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
.read(size) & reads the entire file, returns a single string, size is optional number of characters \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{.readlines(size)} & reads all lines and returns them as a list of strings \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
.rstrip() & returns a string with the end-of-line character(\textbackslash{}n) removed from the end of the string \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
.readline() & reads single line from file, returns empty string if end of file \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
.close() & closes file \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
gzip.open() & interface to read/write compressed files, .gz extension \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Operations on Dictionaries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dict = \{\} & sets up an empty dictionary \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
dict{[}key{]} = value & sets value of said at that key to value \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dict{[}key{]} & calls the value at that key \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
del dict{[}key{]} & deletes a key from dict \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dict.clear() & clears the dict of all keys \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
dict.update(dict2) & can update/add associations from another \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{dict.keys()/dict.items()/dict.values()} & looks at either all keys, values, or all items in the dict \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
dict.pop(key) & removes element associated to that key \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dict.popitem() & removes key, value pair and returns it as a tuple \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
dict.get(key) & returns value at that key \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{dict.setdefault(key)} & either returns value of the key or creates the given key if not previously existent \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}