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\author{corinne\_montpetit}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-mitosis-and-meiosis.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (corinne\_montpetit)
  /Subject (Biology: Mitosis and Meiosis Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology: Mitosis and Meiosis Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{corinne\_montpetit} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/44281/cs/13114/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}corinne\_montpetit \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/corinne-montpetit} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 20th October, 2017.\\
   Updated 20th October, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is DNA?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{DNA}}- deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material of life in a cell's nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{genes}}- carries codes for traits} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{trait}}- characteristic of an organism} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{acquired trait}}- from your parents} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{environmental trait}}- from the surrounding environment} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{chromosomes}} contain {\bf{genes}} which are made of {\bf{DNA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Genes are inherited from your parents. Each gene codes for 1 trait, and thousands of genes are on each chromosome. Chromosomes in humans are arranged into 23 {\bf{homologous pairs}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}DNA is a {\bf{double helix}}, and consists of {\bf{phosphate}}, {\bf{deoxyribose sugar}}, and {\bf{nitrogen bases}}. Phosphate and sugar make the backbone, and nitrogen bases are the rungs of the ladder.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{nucleotide}}- a phosphate paired with a nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{histone}}- special proteins that prevent DNA from tangling} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{nucleosome}}- DNA and histone packages which resemble beads} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{telomere}}- protective end on eukaryotic cells that shortens every time DNA replicates} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The 4 Nitrogen Bases}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{PURINES}} \{\{nl\}\} (single-ringed) & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{PYRIMIDINES}} \{\{nl\}\}(double-ringed) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}{\bf{A}}denine to \{\{fa-long-arrow-right\}\} & {\bf{T}}hymine with {\bf{2 H-bonds}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}{\bf{G}}uanine to \{\{fa-long-arrow-right\}\} & {\bf{C}}ytosine with {\bf{3 H-bonds}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What Causes Genetic Diversity?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Crossing over in {\bf{prophase I}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Independent assortment in {\bf{metaphase I}} and {\bf{II}}. The chromosomes line up randomly each time.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Non-Disjunction}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{non-disjunction}}- a mistake that occurs during anaphase I and II, when the chromosomes do not separate and gametes end up having the wrong number} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.356 cm} x{2.888 cm} x{2.356 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis vs Meiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{MITOSIS}} & \{\{ac\}\}BOTH & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{MEIOSIS}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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- all daughter cells are somatic & - both for the purpose of reproduction & - all daughter cells are gametes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
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- 2 similar cells are produced & - both create daughter cells & - 4 different cells are produced \tn 
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- 46 chromosomes &  & - 23 chromosomes \tn 
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- DNA is not crossed over &  & - DNA is crossed over \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis I and Meiosis II}}  \tn
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{\bf{MEIOSIS I}} & {\bf{MEIOSIS II}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Prophase I\{\{nl\}\}centrioles move to opposite poles, homologous chromosomes become visible and form {\bf{tetrads}}, crossing over occurs, genetic material is exchanged & Prophase II\{\{nl\}\}- centrioles move to opposite poles, chromosome pairs become visible, crossing over does NOT occur \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Metaphase I\{\{nl\}\}- tetrads line up along the equator of the cell (staying as a pair) & Metaphase II\{\{nl\}\}- each chromosome moves to the equator of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Anaphase I\{\{nl\}\}- homologous chromosomes are pulled apart creating whole paired chromosomes on each side & Anaphase II\{\{nl\}\}- each chromosome splits and moves to opposite poles, the {\bf{chromatid}} is now considered the chromosome \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Telophase I\{\{nl\}\}- nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis occurs, creating {\bf{2 diploid cells}}, which contain 46 chromosomes and are genetically different & Telophase II\{\{nl\}\}- nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis occurs, creating {\bf{4 haploid cells}} called {\bf{gametes}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.812 cm} x{2.204 cm} x{2.584 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{PROKARYOTES}} & \{\{ac\}\}BOTH & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{EUKARYOTES}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- no nucleus or organelles & - both forms of life & - nucleus and organelles \tn 
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- simple and primitive &  & - complex cells \tn 
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- usually single-celled &  & - can be \seqsplit{multicellular} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis Definitions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{zygote}}- cell created when egg and sperm unite} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{karyotype}}- map of chromosomes organized into homologous pairs} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{diploid}}- total \# of chromosomes in an organism, {\bf{somatic cells}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{haploid}}- half the \# of chromosomes in an organism, {\bf{sex cells}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purpose of Mitosis and Meiosis}}  \tn
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{\bf{MITOSIS}} & {\bf{MEIOSIS}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1. Asexual Reproduction \{\{nl\}\}- 1 parent with identical offspring & 1. Create Gametes \{\{nl\}\}- creates egg/sperm or egg/pollen \{\{nl\}\}- 2 parents with genetically different offspring \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Repair\{\{nl\}\}- to fix damaged cells and replace old cells} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Growth\{\{nl\}\}- nuclear division, and depends\{\{nl\}\} on the size and growth of the \{\{nl\}\}organism} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mutation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{mutation}}- any change made to DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.64 cm} x{5.36 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4 Types of Mutations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. {\bf{Translocation}} & - part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches itself to a different chromosome\{\{nl\}\}- Translocation Down's \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. {\bf{Deletion}} & - part of a chromosome is deleted\{\{nl\}\}- Prader Willi Syndrome\{\{fa-long-arrow-right\}\}learning disabilities, behavioural problems, obesity, short stature, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. {\bf{Duplication}} & - part of the chromosome is repeated\{\{nl\}\}- cause of seizures \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4. {\bf{Inversion}} & - genetic code is flipped\{\{nl\}\}- linked to infertility problems \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trisomies and Traits}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Trisomy {\bf{13}}, Patau Syndrome & heart defects, brain and spinal cord abnormalities, extra fingers and toes, cleft lip, usu. die by 1 yr. old \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Trisomy {\bf{18}}, Edward Syndrome & abnormally shaped head, clenched fists, heart defects, usu. die by 1 yr. old \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Trisomy {\bf{21}}, Down Syndrome & mild disability, can still form relationships and interact in society \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Trisomy {\bf{XXY}}, Klinefelter Syndrome & infertile males, look childish, high pitched voice, learning disabilities \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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