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  /Subject (Sociology 344 Final Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Sociology 344 Final Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\_connorb} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/20508/cs/3934/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 20th April, 2015.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stimulating and Informing Debate}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{News and other forms of information media should act as stimulators of public debate \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Need to provide the information citizens require to participate in an informed manner \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Especially information about government and other powerful institutions% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Poster: Three Stages}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{of the decline of the enlightment \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
First stage – The age of Print – individual is shaped by contextual depth \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•Second Stage – Age of broadcast media – media images multiply and proliferate and are increasingly depthless \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
•Final stage – Age of the internet – content further proliferates, the line between producer and consumer blurs. Increasingly media simply refers to other media \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
Criticism of the Post-modern \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
•The fears that people had around social networking (kids meeting strangers) has mostly not played out •Most people use these networks to keep up with friends \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
•In general the representations people give are representations of their real identities \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
•Claims about the unreality of the world (nothing but simulacra) is clearly exaggerated \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
•If there is no representation of reality are all representations equal? \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
•Let media off the hook because if everything is false why bother analysing its implications% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Local Media/ Niche Media}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Local media \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Presents an opportunity for local cohesion \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•Local media should support Gemeinschaft by focusing on issues of local importance •Local issues should dominate \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
•Increasingly with national chains dominating the local is being pushed out of local media •Most content comes not from the local but national and international providers \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
Niche media \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•Oriented towards a niche audience that is dispersed \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
•Made possible by the diversification of consumer culture •Tap into existing identities \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•Can both construct and reflect the community they talk about \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
•Can be broad categories men's interest, women's interest, running magazine •Can be niche Star Trek, Star Wars, Dr. Who. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
•Channels like Space and Syfy can offer niche \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
communities greater access to their favorite texts \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
DIT Media and Internet Communities \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
Fansites play an important role in internet communities \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
•Sites like the "Harry Potter Alliance", Daily Prophet, Equestria Daily, play the role of centralizing fans. •They become digital meeting places \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 4)
•People get to know each other and form relationships \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Local Media/ Niche Media (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Act as sites for discussion of both real life and show events \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
DIY Fan niches \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•The low costs of entry online allow individuals to create their own media \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Fan podcasts, fansites and other forms represent a democratisation of nice publication \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•Fans of even more fringe texts than Star Trek and Doctor Who are able to create these types of publications •Fan cultures become even more fragmented \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
Fan cultures: Making identities \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
•Starting with Stat Trek Fans have been making their own communities \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•Early days the circulated fan fiction via mail \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
•Moved to electronic BBS systems in the 1990s and then to the internet in the late 1990s •Convention became a major source of community building% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pessismism about modern society}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Modern society is a series of atomized people \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•No common bonds of share history, religion, culture \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•No central institutions that people rely upon (Church, town hall etc.) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•No unifying force whatsoever \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Leads to anomie a condition in which society provides little guidance to individuals \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
•Can community (gemeinschaft) exist in a mass society% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media and Masculinity}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most male roles in cinema and television entail the stereotype of the powerful, successful, virile man •Most often this person has some kind of mastery, business, cars, fighting \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
•James Bond, Jack Bauer etc... \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•Video game heroes are almost universally this type \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•Fiske sees this as men needing an outlet for their own frustrations. •Men not longer engaged in highly physical labour \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
•Fantasies of male empowerment \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
•Men's magazines play on many of these tropes •They cast women as 'destroyers of men's happiness' \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
Changes in masculinity in the media \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
•Some more sensitive male roles have appeared \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
•Men on Friends were not really powerful males \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
•Men like Raymond on Everybody Loves Raymond constantly being bossed around by women (subservient) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
Beyond heterosexuality \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
•Opposite sex attraction is at the core of western media industries. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
•Homosexuals are also excluded through the process of symbolic annihilation. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
•Lesbians in media often become the target of fetishized male desire \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
•The largely asexual "gay best friend" is a trope of mainstream media \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
•Largely acts a token representation on gayness. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media and Masculinity (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Largely structured through heterosexual cultural motif so we see gays and lesbians through straight eyes% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reading the Romance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Janice Radway studied why women read romance novels •Quintessential genre aimed at women \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Widely criticized as reproducing patriarchal stereotypes \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Novels were used by women to create space (escape maternal and domestic responsibilities •Used to fulfil female sexual desires not being met in the marriage or family setting \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
•While women are not escaping patriarchy, they are using it for their own purposes% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gender Imbalance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Women's roles in film are often secondary to men's •Depictions of men outnumbered those of women 5 to 1 •83 percent of experts interviewed were men \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
•37 percent of journalist were women \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•Women fill only 35.1\% of management roles in the media •Only make up 18.8 percent of decision makers% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Diasporic Media}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As networks of immigrants have spread across the globe they have created a web a diasporic media. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Communities that are large enough, Indian and Chinese particularly can have their own media network that essentially connects their diasporas back to the mother country \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
•Bollywood (India) and Hong Kong (Greater China) have created profitable industries around serving the needs of populations that have left their countries/regions% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{New Ethnicities/ Hybrid Idenities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stuart Hall has proposed that rather than looking at race in terms of specific unchanging categories it should be looked at as a set of complex negotiations \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Identity is more fluid than strict ethnic categories. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•Second and third generation immigrant children have identities that tend to be blend of their "mother country" and their "adopted country"% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blaxploitation/White Washing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Programs especially in the 1980s attempted to graft White middle class values onto blacks. •Shows like the Cosby show, portrayed blacks in middle-class white roles. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
•Accused of not being in sync with the situation of average blacks% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultural Hybridity}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ideas of cultural hybridity are predicated on the idea that no culture exists in a vacuum \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Ideas flow freely between cultures \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•When a new idea or cultural form arrives, it is blended with local elements to make something that is authentically from that culture \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
•Historically you can think of the spread of things like the novel, started in Western Europe, but became a global form with unique articulations in different places (western form hybridized with local content and culture% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why Western culture remains dominant}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{America with it population of 320 million relatively wealthy (by global standards) gives it some advantages culturally •The large domestic market allows it to recover its cost domestically \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
•They then sell their products cheaply abroad. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•This has the added effect of making local cultural products less competitive. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•American culture is also generally of higher quality than that of 'margin' nations. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
•Local audiences often prefer American media products% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exporting Raymond}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Having watched this documentary do you think there such a thing as a universal cultural text, or universal themes? \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Why did Rosenthal and Sony have such a hard time communicating the value of Everybody Loves Raymond to the Russ% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Globalization: The Nation Strikes Back}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Despite the undermining of the nation by fragmentation, and globalization the nation remains a powerful concept \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
The Internet: Does it fix everything or make everything worst? •Optimistic view – When everyone can speak people are likely to buy in •Optimistic view – A move away from a top down centralized world% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Imagined Communities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Imagined because people in the nation for the most part have no real relationship to each other, so the connection through the nation is imagined \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Limited- Because all nations have boundaries beyond which lie other nations \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Sovereign – seen as being in control of their own territory and people \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•Community- because regardless of inequalities the nation is imagined as a deep horizontal bond \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Imagined communities \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•Conditions of possibility for the nation arise from two media sources –Newspaper and the novel \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
•Both give a sense of the nation as a unified thing, shared experience of their history \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•The desire of capitalists to sell newspapers and novels requires the standardisation of language in its written form •Unified language leads to a more unified populace and creates a bigger market for print media% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decline of the National Public}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Based on the ideas of Jurgen Habermas a German scholar who emerged from the Frankfurt School. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Suggest that in the past there was an relatively open sphere that allowed for the discussion of ideas. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
His public sphere is fairly aristocratic and male dominated but Habermas nevertheless suggests that having space for the discussion of ideas helped move society forward \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
Sees this as gradually decreasing as instrumentalism and utilitarian rationality have come to dominate.% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Representing Public Opinion}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Entails the media collecting information about people's opinions and reporting them so that the public and powerful institutions know what they are. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Important because people are limited in who they can talk to directly and it helps to know where other people stand \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
Things like opinion polling can be seen as serving this purpose% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Egocasting}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What ties all these technologies together is the stroking of the ego….With the advent of TiVo and iPod, however, we have moved beyond narrowcasting into "egocasting" — a world where we exercise an unparalleled degree of control over what we watch and what we hear. We can consciously avoid ideas, sounds, and images that we don't agree with or don't enjoy. As sociologists Walker and Bellamy have noted, "media audiences are seen as frequently selecting material that confirms their beliefs, values, and attitudes, while rejecting media content that conflicts with these cognitions." Technologies like TiVo and iPod enable unprecedented degrees of selective avoidance. The more control we can exercise over what we see and hear, the less prepared we are to be surprised. It is no coincidence that we impute God-like powers to our technologies of personalization (TiVo, iPod) that we would never impute to gate-keeping technologies. No one ever referred to Caller ID as "Jehovah's Secretary."% Row Count 21 (+ 21)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fragmentation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In the twentieth century people within a nation for the most part had a limited range of culture to choose from \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
People could talk about culture because on the whole it was fairly unified realm. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
If everybody watches Dallas on Thursday night, everybody has something they can talk about with each other. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
As cable and later the internet became more prominent the fear that people are no longer connected by% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Failure of the Public Sphere}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Habermas believes that already the public sphere has failed \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Points to the increasing domination of markets, the state and instrumental reason \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•Media which in the 18th and 19th centuries were organized around small publishers with distinct ideological positions are now increasingly controlled by conglomerates \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
The failure of the public sphere \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•Like the Frankfurt school scholars Habermas is critical of the commercial orientation of the media. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
•He sees commerce as putting the emphasis on emotion, trivia, sensation and personalization rather than public interest •People are distracted from issues of importance in the public sphere \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
•People are lulled into a sense that their buying decisions are acts of citizenship or of equal importance to being a citizen.% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pastiche}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Where something is referred to ironically there is a connection to the original \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Jameson sees products simply being taken from the past and recombined with each other with no reference to the past in a process he calls "pastiche" \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
•New hybrids become empty shells, refereeing to nothing \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
•Identities are simply an ever changing collage that people patch together without a sense of the origins of the pieces \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
Pastichy-identity \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
•There is some debate with regards to the post-modern position. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•General agreement that identity is more tied to media and consumption than in the past •Though some disagree as to the level of its flexibility \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
•Individual are still able to make sense of identity \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
•With so many symbolic choices identity is fluid and highly complex \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
Simulated identity? \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
•Sherry Turkle argues that the online world allows for a decoupled identity •Identities that are not tied in any way to the real world \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
•People can play with gender, sexuality, race etc \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
•People live simulated lives in simulated world \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
•Turkle wonders at what point the virtual overpowers the real.% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Post-Modernity}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{We cannot conceive of reality outside the representations of it \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Reality and media are one in the same \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Understanding of contemporary events and individual identities are inseparable from media \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Consumerism: expansion and speed-up \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Culture industries are increasingly focused on creating more and more new things for us to consume. •Creating more product niches (subtypes of existing products) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
•Constantly searching for new markets \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
For example: Playing and watching sports are increasingly the focus of intense marketing efforts.% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subcultures}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Studies at Birmingham University's Center for Contemporary Culture challenged notions of anomie in modern society •Focused on stylistically marked groups of young people (teddy boys, punks, skinheads etc...) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
•Combined unrelated commercially available objects in unique ways called "bricolage" \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•Used mass culture to create defiant, distinctive grass roots communities \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Active audiences redux \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•CCCS scholars challenged the idea that mass media destroys traditional communities \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
•If consumed in active ways these products could be the basis of form of collective identity. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•Media industries become the unwitting providers of raw materials \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
•World outside subcultures remains homogenous and shaped by media \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
•As Fiske argued, these cultures are then subject to appropriation by media industries in friendlier watered down forms \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
Grassroots or AstroTurf? \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
•Some critics doubt the possibility of real grass roots communities •Media industries are too quick to re-integrate identities and subcultures •Cool Hunters \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 4)
•These light forms of identity are easily tried and then cast off. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
Stigmatization and Moral Panics \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
•Moral Panic – Typically a reaction to a type of media or a group \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subcultures (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Ex. Comic Books, punks, goths, video games \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Negative coverage can help groups to cohere \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•Will resent the misrepresentation and solidify their identity \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•Group identities may partially be a function of representations of them% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Acting as an Inclusion Discussion Forum}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Media needs to provide a forum for people to engage  with each other and decision makers directly \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Call, in shows, comments on websites, letters to the editor provide this function% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Communities: Homogenization and Atonization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gemeinschaft \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
●Grass roots, intimate form of collective unity \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
●Predicated on shared understanding, collective unity and self-sufficiency \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
●Primarily a preindustrial mode of association \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•Gesellschaft \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
●Indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions ●Primarily an industrial and post-industrial mode of association% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LGBTQ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Still primarily stereotypes \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Through the lens of straight understandings of sexuality •Also a victim of symbolic annihilation% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nurturing Public Belonging}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This is really about giving people a sense that they have a stake in society \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
About building a sense of agency in societies where people are often disconnected from each other  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Often focuses on the long standing relationship between national identity and media% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subversive}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Texts like soap operas have a different narrative structure \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Not the classic beginning – middle – end \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•An ongoing form of story telling \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•Doesn't always end with a heterosexual relationship \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•These are "misuses" of a genre that still is coded primarily with patriarchal meaningsReading as a subversive activity? \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
•Hermes looked at reading "trashy" magazines as a form of escape •Offered women a temporary reprieve from work, worries, relationships •Their 'light' content makes them ideal for short bursts of engagement •Women often didn't care about the content \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 6)
●David Gauntlet found that women's engagement in these texts varied a great deal ●Some used them to set goals \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
●Some liked to criticize the identities depicted \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
●Women could be critical of these magazines while still enjoying them% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nations: Imagine Communities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Benedict Anderson proposed the idea of nations as imagined communities \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Three paradoxes: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
The objective modernity of nations to the historian's eye vs their subjective antiquity in the eyes of nationalists \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
The formal universality of nationality as a sociocultural concept \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
The political power of nationalism vs their philosophical poverty and even incoherence% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Male Gaze}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Laura Mulvey – proposed the idea of the male gaze \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•A concept that she created using ideas from Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis •Cinema is centered on scopophilia – the pleasure of gazing on them \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
•Women are set as the object of the voyeuristic gaze \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
The Male Gaze: The perfect mirror \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•Second part of the idea comes from Jacques Lacan \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
•The "mirror stage" is when young children start to enjoy looking at their own reflection •It is not themselves that they enjoy but an external, whole, or perfect them \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
•It's against this idealized self that "self-image forms" \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
•Visual media (cinema, TV, photographs) produce idealized images \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
•Female characters are made into sexual object for the male gaze \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
•Male stars are the one's the audience is meant to identify with.% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Imagined Communities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nations are imagined because despite the fact that you as the member of a nation will never meet most other Canadians, you are still confident that they exist, and that they like you are part of the nation \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
Nations are limited – they have relatively fixed political boundaries \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Nations are sovereign – It is understood that a nation may exercise its power evenly within its entire territory \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
They are a community because "regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship" \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
Anderson locates the beginnings of the nation with two forms of media that emerged from the printing press: The Newspaper and the Novel \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
The newspaper gives people a sense of belonging to the nation. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
Everyone is able to get the same news of the nation through the newspaper and people imagine that the newspaper is being read everywhere in the nation% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Do we need the public sphere}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Habermas' concept is not without its critics.  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
The question remains do we need his vision of the public sphere or the commons where everyone can meet discuss and have a voice? \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
Since it is unlikely that it will take the form that Habermas suggests what is the path forward without it.% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media/Race/Ethnicity: Under-Representation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The number of minorities depicted on television still trails the number of Caucasians. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Stereotypical representation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Only depicts racial groups according to broad stereotypes \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•African American gangsters, Asia super students, Muslim terrorists etc \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•Often seen as making the situation for these groups more difficult because it reinforces stereotypes in the majority population \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
Stereotypes \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
•Because they have so little agency in creating representations of themselves minorities may start to internalize stereotyped representations. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
•There is also the fear that they may simply feel alienated from the society, since it treats them in a way that is consistent with a stereotype that doesn't represent their real identity \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
Promoting positive images \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
•Various attempts made in the 1970s and 1980s to create positive representations of minorities, in this case mostly African American \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
•One attempt was the 'Blaxploitation' film movement \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
•These films tried to portray strong African Americans reversing stereotypes, or often simply taking a white character type and "blackening" it \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
•Strong, aggressive males like Dirty Harry and James Bond's characteristic are transposed onto an African American% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scapes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Finanscapes \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Refers primarily to the global flow of capital \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
•This flow is chaotic and uneven \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
•Constant shifting of capital from one place to another \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•As global finance becomes more interdependent, states have less power to control the flow of capital \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
Ethnoscape \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•Refers to the increasing flow of people across the globe \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
•As money flows through the Finanscape people follow \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
•Increasingly nations are losing the ability to regulate the flow of people. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
Technoscapes \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
•Refers to the way that technologies move around the globe in an increasingly fluid way. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
•Refers to the way that technology increasingly transforms the world in concert with technoscape and ethnoscape \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
Ideoscape \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
•The movement of political and social ideas from one place to the next \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
•Ideas like democracy, radical Islam, equality etc... move around the world at increasing speeds \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
Mediascapes \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
•The movement of media around the world and how it allows distant cultures to see glimpses of each other •Often results in a skewed image of other cultures \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scapes (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•A constant movement of images goes around the world at great speeds% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultural Proximity / Cultural Discount}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cultural proximity: Cultures with similar languages and shared histories are likely to be receptive to each others' cultural products \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•For Example: Because of their shared cultural history Russian cultural products have a generally widely accepted in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
•British cultural products do well in Canada, Australia, USA \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
•Cultural discount: Cultural products that come from countries with very different cultures tend to have difficulty bridging cultural differences. They will be less appealing in other countries. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
•For example Hong Kong action films despite being high quality generally have a hard time breaking into the Anglo-American market. They seem to foreign.% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Public Sphere}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Based on the model of civic debate in the 18th and 19th centuries \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Suggests that democracy flourished in an atmosphere of open debate of ideas \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•Declined with the advent of instrumental reason and the domination of society by the state and commerce \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
The public sphere \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•Media and public engagement •Stimulating and informing debate •Representing Public opinion \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
•Acting as an inclusive discussion forum •Nurturing public belonging% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The burden of representation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{With so few minority actors and roles in the media, those actors that do have a roles are expected to stand in for their entire group. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Whiteness is made invisible by it's dominance, but a few minority actors are forced to represent their entire group. •Audiences are then encouraged to think of race in terms of racial essence, qualities that set the whole group apart from whites. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 6)
•Tokenism: minority actors are often put into a program specifically to give the illusion of inclusion. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
•The burden of representation can also be seen in references made in news program to "the black community" "the Muslim community"% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Celebrities are the hyperreal}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{With celebrities the real person is invisible. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Celebrity personalities are constructed by media firms \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•One appearance refers to another, which builds on another etc. •Media personality funerals are an example of the hyperreal \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
Identity \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
•Increasingly people differentiate themselves not by the place they live or by occupation, but by the symbolic value attached to objects, like clothes, phones, etc. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
•Fredric Jameson, sees use-value (what something does) being replaced increasingly by symbolic value (What it means) •The need to constantly create novel seeming items has led to the recycling of fashions from the past. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 5)
•Where something is referred to ironically there is a connection to the original% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Simulacra - 4 phrases}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#1 Traditional symbolic –Images perform the role of the sign, acting as a means of faithfully reproducing the world \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•\#2 Ideology – The predominant role for signs and images is to obscure or distort reality \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•\#3 Transition – reality is no longer discernable under the images –images play at being reality E.G Disneyland \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
•\#4 Simulacra – Images no longer even attempt to refer to anything other than each other. This is the world of the hyperreal% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media=Reality}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Baudrillard fears that people are so bombarded with media that there is no distinction between representation and reality •The real in the minds of the post-modern person is simply a collection of media representations \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
•Our understanding of politics and world history are not directly experienced, they are mediated. So we only really know the representations \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
•Our understanding of current media events is shaped by our experience with past media.% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Symbolic Value}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Increasingly consumption becomes an identity statement. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
•Items are purchased as much for their symbolic value as their use value \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
•Example Mac vs PC (Macs are far more expensive, but denote a more affluent sensibility, PCs are cheaper and more utilitarian) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
•Clothing, cars, home décor etc. are all meant as statements of identity. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
•Increases the intensity of consumerism  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Information overload \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
•Information surrounds us constantly \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
•People consume media from the moment they get up to the moment they fall asleep •Media is more portable, we take our favorites with us \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
•Jean Baudrillard feared that all this 'noise' was drowning out meaning and substance •As Postman suggested we are all becoming collectors of digital garbage% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Beyond Anderson: The News}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{David Morley talks about broadcasting having the ongoing effect of connecting the nation by creating a shared sense of ownership. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Creates shared cultural memories through the broadcasting events across the whole nation% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Internet: Fix everything or everything worst}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Optimistic view – When everyone can speak people are likely to buy in \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Optimistic view – A move away from a top down centralized world \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Pessimistic view – More Fragmentation \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Pessimistic view – More surveillance  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Pessimistic view – More Egocasting% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Case Study: \seqsplit{\#PrenticeBlamesAlbertans}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"In terms of who is responsible, we all need only look in the mirror, right. Basically all of us have had the best of everything and have not had to pay for what it costs," he added. "Collectively we got into this as Albertans and collectively we're going to get out of it and everybody is going to have to shoulder some share of the responsibility."% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Imperialism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{One of the key aspects of imperialism is that it imposes the values and institutions of a dominant culture on a less powerful one. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•In the age of imperialism Europeans went around the world not only conquering but also spreading their values and institutions \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
•They justified this with the idea that European society was the most advanced, thus they could and should impose their system of doing things on other nations \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
•In some cases this was view a civilizing other cultures \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
Today the 'West' no longer rules over the rest directly \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•Western culture remains dominant \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
•Culture is seen by some, particularly is post-colonial studies as a continuation of the project of imperialism \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
•There remains a fear that this is a 'soft' approach to imperialism \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
•By flooding the global market with attractive cultural product the fear is that Anglo-America is continuing to promote its way as the best way \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
•Other countries often feel American film promote ideas like individualism, autonomy and the right to be different, which are value not every culture shares.% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Globalization: Appadurai's Scapes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Financescape \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Ethnoscape \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Technoscapes \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Ideoscapes \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Mediascapes% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adaptation / Localization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The shallowest form of global cultural transfer \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•When a cultural product is transferred from one culture to another with the transformation of only culturally specific markers \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
•The core of the narratives and appeal remain essentially the same. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•Are these stories universal?% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultural Odorlessness}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cultural products that are deliberately created with as few distinguishing cultural markers as possible. •These products can circulate easily globally because they don't suffer from cultural discount \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
•EG. Pokémon, which has very few specific cultural markers in the text itself.% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Post-Feminist Independance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some people point to programs like HBO's SEX and the City as a turning point in the representation of women •Some depictions of women as assertive and sexually assured also contribute to this. (ie Cosmopolitan and Glamour magazine) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
•Some of these emphasize stronger roles for women. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
The post-feminist masquerade \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•Some feminists argue that shows like Sex and the City and other assertive women in media are false representations of independance \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
•The role of women in media remains dominantly linked to beauty, and attracting male attention \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
•The way relationships unfold is different, the submissive house wife is mostly gone \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
•Goals like marriage and children continue to dominate \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
•Women and men's magazines still covered with attractive, mostly white women.% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Post-Feminist Independance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some people point to programs like HBO's SEX and the City as a turning point in the representation of women •Some depictions of women as assertive and sexually assured also contribute to this. (ie Cosmopolitan and Glamour magazine) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
•Some of these emphasize stronger roles for women. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
The post-feminist masquerade \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•Some feminists argue that shows like Sex and the City and other assertive women in media are false representations of independance \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
•The role of women in media remains dominantly linked to beauty, and attracting male attention \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
•The way relationships unfold is different, the submissive house wife is mostly gone \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
•Goals like marriage and children continue to dominate \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
•Women and men's magazines still covered with attractive, mostly white women.% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Patriarchal Romance and Domesticity}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Women often depicted as, smaller weaker than men \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Men are decisive, women are dependant and emotional \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•The role of a woman is to find a man (in media... I'm not saying that) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Complaints of "symbolic annihilation" \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Symbolic Annihilation – a group's diversity is hidden when they are depicted only stereotypically% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Frankfurt School Rises}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Like the Frankfurt school scholars Habermas is critical of the commercial orientation of the media. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
He sees commerce as putting the emphasis on emotion, trivia, sensation and personalization rather than public interest \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
People are distracted from issues of importance in the public sphere \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
People are lulled into a sense that their buying decisions are acts of citizenship or of equal importance to being a citizen% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gender as a social construction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Judith Butler (building on Foucault) argues that gender is socially constructed •Gender is defined by arbitrary categories \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Gender is performed \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•Heterosexuality is portrayed as the norm \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•Gender traits are essentialized \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
•Part of a system that legitimizes male power and female subordination% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ghettoization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diasporic media allow minority communities to have positive roles that are written and performed for and by people like them. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•The major fear is that people will never transcend their communities and integrate \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•This could lead to ghettoization, and potentially tension with other minorities and the majority population since insular groups tend to be seen as 'other'% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Beyond Anderson: The News}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{David Morley Suggests that news is still an important aspect of nationalisms \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Through the creation of shared national events and therefore national shared memories \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Mass experiences like funerals, sports championships and others become the foundation of shared national identity. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
Banal Nationalism \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Nationalism is being  constantly being reinforced in the most banal utterances . \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
Media uses the name of the nation as well as refereeing to "we' and 'us' when discussing the nation to reinforce the common sense of belonging% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decline of the Public Sphere:}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{From Facilitators to shapers \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Habermas believes that already the public sphere has failed \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Points to the increasing domination of markets, the state and instrumental reason \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Media which in the 18th and 19th centuries were organized around small publishers with distinct ideological positions are now increasingly controlled by conglomerates \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
Like Chomsky sees this as promoting whatever ideals and values corporations are in favor of% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}