\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{\_connorb}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (soc-344-midterm.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (\_connorb)
  /Subject (SOC 344 Midterm Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A3A3A3}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F3F3F3}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{SOC 344 Midterm Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\_connorb} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/20508/cs/3268/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}\_connorb \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/connorb} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 4th February, 2015.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Culture}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• implies the ways of life associated with a particular society or group. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• Forms and practices of creative and artistic expressions associated with a particular society or group \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
• culture is the second sense is often divided into high and low (popular/folk) aspects. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
• High culture would be types of culture that are more valued. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
• What divides high/low is essentially who gets to make that definition. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
• Comparing high and low culture sometimes comes down to complexity where history plays a role \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
• Music from video games or movies are not high culture may relate to it being created to be commercially sold to consumers. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
Sometimes high culture can be rare and are not commonplace. On this topic, nobody sets the rules and a lot of what we talk about is arbitrary.% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Technologies}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Medium Theories: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Range from technological determinism to social constructivism \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Technological Determinism: Tech's properties dictate how it will be used and the effects that it has on society (structure) Social Constructivism: Society chooses the roles media play and therefore their effects (Agency) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
Structure/Agency Binary.% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Tech: Innis and McLuhan}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Harold Innis: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Believed that empires are constrained in their growth by the media they employ and their monopolies of knowledge •Two type of media: Time biased and Space biased \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
•Time biased are heavy, brittle, durable and difficult to transport. They are generally meant to emphasize the eternal. •Space biased media are light, impermanent and help tp project power through space. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 5)
•Monopolies of knowledge: Systems that constrain who is able to access and use media technologies. THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
Marshall McLuhan \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
•The medium is the message: The technologies that we use to communicate ultimately shape the people using them. In a print culture people become more logical and linear in their thinking, because print is linear and logical \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 5)
•Content is less important than what the media we do does to us. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
•The extensions of man: Technologies are merely humans extending our bodies through space \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
•Media can be Hot or Cool \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
•Hot media: High information density and low user participation (book) •Cool media: Low information density and high user participation (saw tv as cool) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 4)
Hammer extension of hand. Radio extension of the ear, Tv extension of the sense of touch, computers extensions of the central nervous system.% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Two Traditions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{TWO TRADITIONS, BOTH ALIKE IN DIGNITY... \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Two major traditions in the study of Media Industries: Critical theory and Political Economy. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Both are essentially sub branches of Marxist thinking \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Critical Theory is most concerned with questions of how media industries as part of the capitalist system maintain control. Political Economy is concerned with question of ownership and the influence it gives.% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Marxism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{THE BASICS \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Wealth and power are controlled by the bourgeoisie \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•The bourgeoisie own the means of production \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•They buy labour from the proletariat \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
•They take the surplus value of labour and turn it into profits \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•The proletariat trades their wages for commodities like food, shelter \& clothing, further enriching the bourgeoisie \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
•To gain a new political or cultural system the current one must be overthrown \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
•All institutions in capitalism support the circulation of its ideology through it the bourgeoisie and therefore must be undone% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Economy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{COMMERCIAL OWNERSHIP: EXPANSION WITHIN A SECTOR \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Under this model, corporations try to expand as much as possible within a particular sector to control as much of the market as possible. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
•A recent example of this in the United States would be the effort by Comcast to purchase Time Warner Cable. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
Horizontal Integration: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Movie Studio \textgreater{} Record Label \textgreater{} Video Game Company \textgreater{} Book Publisher \textgreater{} Online Portal \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
Vertical Integration: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Movie Studio\textgreater{} Flim Distributer \textgreater{} Movie Theatre \textgreater{} TV network \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
ACROSS MANY INDUSTRIES \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
•In North America the top six publishers own 60 percent of the non academic book market. All these publishers are a few blocks apart in New York City \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
•The top three music publishers, Warner Music, Sony Music Entertainment and Universal Music Group, control 87.9 percent of the market \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
Concentration of Ideas? Simpsons example using fox news as a punch line% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Content}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SEMIOLOGY IN A NUTSHELL \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Semiology means the science of signs \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Signs are made up of signifier and signified \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
The Signified is the what is being referred to by the sign \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
The Signifier is that word of symbol that is used to represent the signified The two things together make up the sign. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
DENOTATION, CONNOTATION AND MYTH \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Denotation: The most immediate level of meaning. Eg. A picture of a face denotes a specific person \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Connotation: Associative meanings, generally more abstract concepts that are invoked by a sign. Eg. A woman on a magazine cover representing the concepts of femininity or sexiness. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
Myth: A broad set of cultural assumptions and beliefs evoked and reinforced by media texts. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Myth of the Coke Bottle: Have to buy to be happy. consuming products makes you happy. Would the message be different if it was a caucasian man with the same everything drinking the bottle of coke. Syntematically, everything works together in this ad. Drink coke you can be fit and happy. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 6)
SKYY Vodka: meaning of this ad: sex, rich, money. Connotated meaning: implied that classy dude. Drink thi sdrink you will be more popular. Mythological message: suggest women need to find and rich man, servent, decoration. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 5)
PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
Paradigmatic analysis involves breaking texts into their component elements and analysing how the meaning would be different if alternate signifiers were considered. \newline % Row Count 33 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Content (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Syntagmatic analysis involves analysing how signs work together in context to create a specific message. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
NARRATIVE, GENRE AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Narrative Analysis: focuses on the structures and conventions of narrative story telling. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
GENRE ANALYSIS \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Genre analysis looks at the establishment and operation of conventions within a genre. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•Based in large part on the work of Michel Foucault \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
•Foucault's work focused in large part on how different uses of language shaped experience. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•For Foucault the ability to shape discourses is power in the sense that it is the ability to include or exclude certain people or ideas from society. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
•Discourse analysis seeks to track these discourses and how they are used to shape perception. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
•Meant to be more rigorous and scientific than qualitative methods like semiology \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
•Strives for the objectivity of science rather than subjectivity of interpretation \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
•Focuses on counting instances of a particular phenomenon in media (i.e. the number of times something violent happens) •Seeks standardized practices so that experiments can be repeated across a wide swath of group% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Models of Transmission}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Media as Shaper:  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Media has a direct one to one effect on society. Presented in media and goes straight into society. Too simplistic and one directional it is is problematic. No sense of agency. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
Media as Mirror:  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Reverse of above- all the media does is reflect society back at itself. Single influence model where it goes one direction. Doesn't understand what media is. Media is people who are making choices on what gets said. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
Circular Model: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Tries to get away from one directional. Acknowledges that society can have an impact on media representation, and more media on marginalized groups creates societies acceptance of those ideologies. Model breaks down have just two boxes, society is more complicated then just one homogenized unit, and media rep isn't a singular entity either. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 7)
Shannon and Weaver's Model of Communication: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
 Meant to talk about broadcast media: information source transmitted to receiver and then heard at a destination. Noise can be interference of this process of understanding as the receiver. Noise can be cultural or ideological where a message can become distorted. Not the most complex or useful because of its focus on broadcast media. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 7)
Who Says What Model:  \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
Broadcast model of the sending a one way message from a sender to a receiver. Not useful in describing multidirectional communication. Effect is hard to talk about and can create an oversimplification where other factors are ignored that effect individual groups or societies.% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Society}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• networks of institutions, relationships, interactions and culture within which individual lives take place \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
• group of people involved in interpersonal relationships, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
territory typically within the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships between people who share a distinctive culture and institutions.% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Simplified Model}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Simplified Model of the Elements of Media in Socio-Cultural Contexts \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
differentiated with more points and will be referenced throughout the course. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Media Content: academics call the text: blogs, podcasts, paintings, etc. Anything that is communicating a message. Connection between content and users because people consumer media. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
Media industry: most of our culture via large national corps who's business is to entertain and inform with goal of making money. Who controls what can be said? What happens when these corporations control these messages? \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 5)
Media Technology: What effects does tech have on people in societies: understanding the level of agency people have with regards to tech within media. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 4)
Media Users: Us, and society in general that is \seqsplit{differentiated/fragmented/complex} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
Broader social and cultural environment: society, cultural rules/morals/taboos, gov't rules informal and formal, role of regulation.% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Culture Industry}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Horkheimer and Adorno posit that when culture becomes a sub-branch of industry creativity is stripped away \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Culture becomes like any product coming out of a factory, standardized and meant to be consumed \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
•Leads to a world where culture lacks complexity and depth \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
•This type of cultural system creates a system where all culture is produced for profit and not for the betterment of humanity •Art in their view needs to be for its own sake rather than for profit \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 5)
THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Culture industry transforms culture into standardized products. Do nothing to challenge or enlighten the audience. Example: two nickleback songs at the same time \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 4)
MASS PRODUCED DISTRACTION \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
•Horkheimer and Adorno also see one of the fundamental problems of the culture industry and the products it produces as being that they allow people to remain in a state of contentment. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 4)
•The culture industry for them is a form of control over people that specifically is meant to hide the problems of the capitalist system. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
•They see the culture industry as ultimately producing a form of false consciousness. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
AMUSEMENT AS LABOR \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
•Adorno and Horkheimer suggest that in the system of the culture industry people are made to work even when they are engaged in leisure. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Culture Industry (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•This view essentially concludes that what is being sold is not the cultural product, but in fact the audience. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•Marxists consider what is being sold in a capitalist economy to be not so much good as the surplus value of people's labour. Basically it is the work of people that creates value in capitalist economies. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
•The audience is being sold as a commodity to advertisers who want their money and even their leisure time becomes a commodity that can be made profitable \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
THE WORK OF ART IN THE AGE OF MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
•Walter Benjamin argues that what makes a work of art special is its unique aura \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
•When art can be reproduced by mechanical means, ultimately it looses that specialness and is reduced. Example: seeing the Mona Lisa everywhere makes it less special. Same with a piece of music after the phonograph.% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Tech: Postman and Mander}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Neil Postman: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Media Ecology: Philosophy that treats media systems in the same way as biological ecosystems. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•Changes are ecological not additive. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•Television is a total disclosure medium. Everyone sees the same things \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•Print is a medium that build different levels of competence, therefore information can be slowly trickled out when it is deemed to be appropriate \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
•Postman sees democracy as arising from the age of print and wonders if it can survive in the age of television Postman 5 things we need to know about technological change \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
First, that we always pay a price for technology; the greater the technology, the greater the price. Impact that writing had on memory. Once written, human memory doesn't have to be as precise. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 4)
Second, that there are always winners and losers, and that the winners always try to persuade the losers that they are really winners. Ex) google and newspapers \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 4)
Third, that there is embedded in every great technology an epistemological, political or social prejudice. Sometimes that bias is greatly to our advantage. Sometimes it is not. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
Fourth, technological change is not additive; it is ecological, which means, it changes everything and is, therefore, too important to be left entirely in the hands of Bill Gates. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 4)
Fifth, technology tends to become mythic; that is, perceived as part of the natural order of things, and therefore tends to control more of our lives than is good for us. .... When a technology become mythic, it is always dangerous because it is then accepted as it is, and is therefore not easily susceptible to modification or control. \newline % Row Count 36 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Media Tech: Postman and Mander (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Jerry Mander \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Arguments for the Elimination of Television in a nutshell \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
1.While television may seem useful, interesting, and worthwhile, at the same time it further boxes people into a physical and mental condition appropriate for the emergence of autocratic control. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
2.It is inevitable that the present powers-that-be (or controllers) use and expand using television so that no other controllers are permitted. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
3.Television affects individual human bodies and minds in a manner which fit the purposes of the people who control the medium. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
4.Television has no democratic potential. The technology itself places absolute limits on what may pass through it. The medium, in effect, chooses its own content from a very narrow field of possibilities. The effect is to drastically confine all human understanding within a rigid channel. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 6)
Source: Wikipedia% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tech in a social context}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Tool does not determine its use \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Use depends on the context and motivation of the user \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Tools are not the driver of human needs but a response to them \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
technologies are constrained by their affordances \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
affordances are the technical limits the dictate what a technology can or cannot do (shovel can't cut grass) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
The circuit of Culture: diagram in textbook \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Tech doesn't have pre given meaning, enters social setting and it becomes complex. Creating of meaning from numerous different nodes. Lin Speigal book. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
Techno-Utopianism: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
One laptop per child. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
DIY Culture: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
Youtube, etc. Liberal democratic view of new technologies. People have ability to produce content that sells, more voices can occur. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
Is the internaet really free and open? \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
Where how we access our content is controlled by few companies. Is it dangerous. Edward Snowden. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
Evgeny Morozov RDA video. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
Looking back at the simplified model: media technology will depend on your philosophy. technological determinist or social constructivist.% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limits on Media Industries}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SOURCES OF REVENUE: 3 TYPES \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
•Advertising Revenue (magazines, newspapers, television) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
•Direct Audience payments (including subscription fees: Services like Pandora, Spotify, Xbox Music, Netflix etc...) •Licensing of content and formats \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
MAXIMIZING AUDIENCE \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
•Why does so much television resemble other programs that came before it? \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
•Why do only certain channels such as HBO, AMC and Showtime tend to have all of the 'innovative programs' \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
•Can we think of broadcast television (CTV, ABC, NBC, CBS, FOX) as simply manufacturing the next hit television series? \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
GOVERNMENT AND REGULATION \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
Access restrictions \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
•Typically come in the form of fees or licensing restrictions \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
•More acute with media that use "public" property such as airwaves \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
•Much more heavily utilized in Europe and Canada than in the United States \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
•Has become increasingly problematic as forms like cable and internet have appeared which do not utilize public resources \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
OWNERSHIP RESTRICTIONS \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
•Generally ownership restrictions limit not who can own media, but how much of it they can own \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limits on Media Industries (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•Often there are restrictions within a specific industry. So that no company could own more than a certain percentage of newspapers in a given country \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
•Often limits the ability of a media company in one market to expand horizontally into another. i.e. a company that owns a local newspaper may not own a local television station \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
CONTENT REGULATION \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
•Either for 'morality purposes" certain themes are limited using government censorship schemes or to protect national culture \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
•A famous example of a morality codes was the Motion Pictures Production Code (also called the Hays code) which used a panel of censors to judge Hollywood films from 1934-1968 \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
Gov't and Regulation \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
National Content Regulation \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
protect canadian culture to invest in canadian artist and programs. Little to stop companies to fill schedule with US content. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
Copyright \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
protect media assets from stealing or use for profit.% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}