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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{SOC 344 Midterm 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th March, 2015.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Effects Research}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Focused on measuring direct effects of media on people.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Sometimes called administrative research  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Short Term behavioural effects (Bobo Doll) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Long Term behavioural effects - Cultivation Theory% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gratifications Model}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Instead of looking at what effects media have on people, focused on understanding why people selected certain media and what made it gratified.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Needs from Gratifications Model}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Says we are merely passive consumers of media, we make choices that satisfy particular psychological needs \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Possible needs:  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Diversion \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Substitute for personal relationships \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Resource for developing personal identity  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Way of finding out about the world% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hegemony}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Existence of dominance of one social group over another \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Form of power based on leadership by a group in many fields of activity at once so that its ascendancy commands widespread consent, appears natural and inevitable \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
Ruling class can non-violently gain consent to govern and impose their values on society.  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Hegemonic: no longer appear contestable, taken for granted, common sense.  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
BUT change can occur.  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Initially proposed by Antonio Gramsci, "common sense" when hegemonic% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Public Service Broadcasting (PSBS)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{About broadcasting to serve public interest \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Inform, educate, rather than entertain.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Ex, BBC, CBC, ABC  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Criticisms: is it truly independent?% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{State Broadcaster}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Serves interest of the state \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
state approved messages (propaganda) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
CCTV, Pervyi Kanal% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Difference between news providers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Medium \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
TV, Radio, Internet can provide continuous coverage, roll over and be less in-depth \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Newspaper: denser factual accounts and be more carefully thought out with a once a day frequency  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Editorial positions can influence political stances. FOX vs MSNBC Sun Vs Journal% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aird Commission: RC of Radio Broadcasting}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Advised the gov't on the future of broadcasting in Canada.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Radio in CAN underdeveloped, ppl tuning into American programming \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Wide spread fear of commercialization% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5 Broad Purposes: Missions of PSBs}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Inform and Increase peoples understanding of the world  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
2. Reflect and Strengthen Cultural Identity \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
3. Encourage an Interest in Arts, Sciences, and History \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
4. Support a Tolerant Society \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
5. Allow for the Production of programming that might not be Commercially Viable% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bourdieu's Ideas on Taste}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Book: distinction: social critique of taste \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Peoples taste will be heavily impacted by their social class \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Middle class- greater affinity for middle class cultural fare% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ideology Globally}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Globalization: Continuation of past imperialist projects \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Imperialism: policy of extending a nation-state's influence over other parts of the world either through force or other means  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
Two major views of Imperialism: Progressive and Regressive \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Regressive is pure conquest \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Progressive is about raising underdeveloped parts of the world to a more developed state.  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
Proponents of the Political Economy use Cultural Imperialism to describe cultural flows in the era globalization: fear that local cultures will be destroyed in favour of one global culture.% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ideological State Apparatus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ISA: proposed by Louis Althusser  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
made of institutions such as the family, schools, religion, gov't, and media \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Support capitalist system, perform upkeep and spreading of the ideology.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Work to integrate and reintegrate ppl into dominant system of ideas% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{US Model: Free Market with Limitations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{First amendment to the US constitution that gov't can make no law abridging freedom of the press.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Regulators were always less able to make restrictions on broadcasting \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Some regulation was necessary so "scarce" radio freq weren't being abused% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Long-Term Cultivation Theory}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{George Gerbner: TV gradual changes the way that ppl view the world.  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Criticized for confusing correlation with causation and ignoring race, gender, and social class% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Position of Decoding}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dominant/Hegemonic: Matches the dominant position of the encoder \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Negotiated Position: acceptance of overall view of encoded text, but disagreement with certain elements.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
Oppositional position: preferred meaning is identified and rejected by audience members% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Katz and Lazarsfeld: Two-Step Flow}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ppl are not that attentive to media messages and therefore can't be influenced  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Certain ppl did pay close attention to messages and could be influenced, and they can influence others in their peer group: Opinion Leaders: used in Marketing% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3 Models of Broadcasting}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{State Broadcasting  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Public Service Broadcasting \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Free Market% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Censorship}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Positive: Deemed not offend anyone or provide positive values  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Negative: restrictive, important to uphold social cohesion. sexually explicit content or violence.% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FCC}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Allowed to license radio broadcasters \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Goal: "licenses should serve public convenience, interest, necessity" \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Guaranteed competition by never allowing local monopolies% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Massey Commision: RC on National Dev}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{About Art in Canada \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Canada became dependant on American culture gods \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Let to formation of Canada council for the arts and National Film Board \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Established study models for funding Canadian Broadcasting \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Formed the Canadian Radio and Television Commission (CRTC) which was to regulate Broadcasting \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Rejected the argument that CBC alone should be responsible for canadian culture% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Successes in CAN}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hockey Night in Canada. Owned by CNR. Most iconic program in Canadian history. CNR became CRBC and then CBC% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{American Public Broadcasting}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{TW tracks: National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Broadcasting System (PBS) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
individual stations receive funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\textasciicircum{}They are primarily funded by donations \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Local affliate stations run programming \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Member stations produce content or simply license content from NPR or PBS% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bias or Ideology}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Class Bias \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Institutional Bias% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Free Market}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Media systems should be guided by market conditions \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Gov't should be involved as little as possible  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
What's on should be what the audience wants to see  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Ex: Global, CTV, NBC, CBS, ITV% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{John Fiske}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bricolage: in order for cultural products to be successful - must have an excess meaning that people can tap into \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Views audiences as being the ones that make meaning, no the culture industries \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Uses Michel de Certeau's ideas, sees culture as war \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Culture industries are armies and consumers are guerilla fighters \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
consumers look for cultural territory not being held by cultural industries and use those spaces: like turning Madonna into a feminist icon \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
Armies of cultural industries come to take back the territory held by the fighters, they retreat and move to another point. This goes back and forth \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
Culture Industry has strategies.% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Construction of News}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{News providers in any medium are never unbiased \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Newspaper limited space, broadcast limited time, internet limited resources \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Has to generate Ad revenue \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Choices for whats get included or excluded \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Gatekeeping: determine which news stories included in a particular news outlet's product. Gatekeepers are editorial staff, how news will be included, concepts of importance and interest. Affect what we know, care, and talk about  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 5)
Agenda Setting: Result of their decisions about which issues/events to focus on, media shapes the priorities of the public.% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Economy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Views culturalist Neo-Marxist view as giving too much emphasis to the meaning within texts \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Political economists tae a much more unreconstructed view of Marxism and focus on ownership of the means of production as the key to explaining why the capitalist system is as powerful as it is.% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultural Studies}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Encoding/Decoding: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
one of the most important concepts in cultural studies  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Try to explain why the message sent is not always the message recieved \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Encoding happens at the source of the message, encoded with the meanings the creator wants it to have. Usually Hegemonic messages  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
Decoding happens at the receiver: 3 types, dominant, negotiated, oppositional% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Deregulation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Deregulate media during Reagan presidency \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Mark Fowler the commission led the charge against deregulation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Including the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Textual Poachers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Henry Jenkins: fans in the way they choose to make content their own become textual poachers. They often illegitimately, take texts that exist and try to extent them or make the stories their own.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Refigure meaning, to reflect different interpretations or values.% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neo-Liberal Approach}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Incompatible with capitalism for government to be involved in broadcasting \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Laws of Supply and Demand must apply \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Market is more easily able to quality cultural content than a gov't agency \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Competition leads to innovation \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Bettering society should only be a goal if it is what is profitable% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Free Market Model}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Adam Smith \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Markets should be allowed to decide what is best for society based on what people want \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Gained popularity during Regan presidency \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Position of Harper Gov't% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Frankfurt School}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ultimate goal of human beings as the ability to think, act freely, and to be creative \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Capitalism objectives ppl, turns them into standardized pieces within system \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Capitalism has transformed culture into another commodity rendering it unable to challenge the system  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
Culture Industry simply spreads the ideologies of the capitalist system% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neo-Marxism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Move beyond materialism of classical or unreconstructed Marxism \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Start to view culture and being, not so much independent of economics, but a major factor in maintaining the system.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
Unreconstructed theories of Marxism view culture as essentially inflexible \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
Neo-Marxism: culture as changing to support the changing needs of the capitalist system% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Look at CBC Mandate}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{English/French, Available, Multiculture, Reflect Canada \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Criticism: taxpayer money% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Noam Chomsky Propaganda Model: 5 Filters}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Ownership and Profit \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. Advertisers \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. Sources \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. Flak \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
5. Anti-Communism (more like Anti-Americanism)% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fowler Commission: RC on Broadcasting}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Demanding a 2nd option other than CBC \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
John Diefenbaker's gov't passed the Broadcast act  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Forming the Board of Broadcast Governors \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
First act was to start applications for a second station in major markets \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
CTV created. Financing these  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Why has CAN done so well? Sports, sketch comedy, Drama% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Galtung and Ruge's Universal Criteria}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Frequency \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. Amplitude \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. Clarity \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. Cultural Proximity \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
5. Predictability \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
6. Unexpectedness \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
7. Continuity \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
8. Composition% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Galtung and Ruge's Criteria for Developed Nations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Elite Nations \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. Elite People \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. Personification \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. Negativity% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BBC}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{First PBS \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
First Director John Reith vision of educational morality and national cohesion  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Used to raise taste and moral awareness \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Held as Monopoly until British Gov't licensed a 2nd national channel ITV% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Infotainment and Depoliticaization}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Infotainment: News and current affairs presented in entertaining fashion \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Seriousness may be lost.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Truthiness: Colbert \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
what you want facts to be, opposed to what they are. Feel like its the right answer as opposed to what reality will support% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}