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\author{Cocobaby927}
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  /Title (anatomy-and-physiology-cells.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Cocobaby927)
  /Subject (Anatomy and Physiology - Cells Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Anatomy and Physiology - Cells Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Cocobaby927} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/197024/cs/41513/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Cocobaby927 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/cocobaby927} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 3rd December, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Generic Cell Structure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/cocobaby927_1701460269_Screenshot 2023-12-01 145035.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Plasma membrane: The boundary of the cell \newline • Nucleus: The center of the cell \newline • Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance surrounding the nucleus and packed with various \newline organelles and molecules, each of which serves a specific function}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plasma Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell and regulates the passage of \seqsplit{substances} into and out of the cell. & \seqsplit{Phospholipids} form the bulk of the membrane. & \seqsplit{Cholesterol} molecules are scattered within the \seqsplit{phospholipid} \seqsplit{molecules;} they stiffen and \seqsplit{strengthen} the plasma membrane. & Proteins are embedded in various spots in the membrane \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
It consists of \seqsplit{phospholipids}, \seqsplit{cholesterol}, and protein. & They have a head and twin tails: The heads are "water loving" \seqsplit{(hydrophilic)} and the tails are "water fearing" \seqsplit{(hydrophobic)}. &  & Some pass through the membrane and act as channels. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 14)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They are \seqsplit{positioned} in a double layer \seqsplit{(bilayer):} Some heads point toward the \seqsplit{fluidfilled} cell interior and others point toward the fluid \seqsplit{surrounding} the cell's exterior &  & Some attach to the surface and serve as receptors for specific chemicals or hormones \tn 
% Row Count 43 (+ 17)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plasma Membrane (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The tails point toward each other, forming a \seqsplit{"hydrophobic"} core. &  & Others have \seqsplit{carbohydrates} attached to their outer surface (forming \seqsplit{glycoproteins}, which act as markers to help the body \seqsplit{distinguish} its own cells from foreign \seqsplit{invaders).} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{▪ Transparent barrier for cell contents \newline ▪ Contains cell contents \newline ▪ Separates cell contents from surrounding environment \newline ▪ The membrane is selectively permeable: Some substances pass through easily, whereas \newline others do not.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plasma Membrane}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The nucleus contains all of a cell's genetic information.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most cells have only one nucleus, although a few (like liver and skeletal muscle cells) contain more than one; red blood cells have no nucleus.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus. Nuclear pores allow molecules (like materials needed for construction of RNA and DNA) to pass into and out of nucleus.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Extending throughout the nucleoplasm are strands composed of DNA and protein called chromatin.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The center of the nucleus is the nucleolus; it manufactures ribosomes (the cell's protein-producing structures)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{▪ Control center of the cell \newline ▪ Contains genetic material \newline known as DNA \newline • DNA is needed for building \newline proteins \newline • DNA is necessary for cell \newline reproduction \newline ▪ Three regions: \newline 1. Nuclear envelope (membrane) \newline 2. Nucleolus \newline 3. Chromatin}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Nucleus: The Nucleus Envelope}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclear envelope (membrane)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Consists of a double membrane that bounds the nucleus \newline • Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material \newline with the rest of the cell \newline • Encloses the jellylike fluid called the nucleoplasm \newline • Sites of ribosome assembly \newline • Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear \newline pores to serve as the site of protein synthesis}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Nucleus: Chromatin}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chromatin} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Composed of DNA wound around histones (proteins) \newline • Scattered throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing \newline • Condenses to form dense, rod-like bodies called chromosomes when the cell \newline divides}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.13551 cm} x{1.84149 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cell Theory & Major Elements in Cells \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms & Carbon \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells & Hydrogen \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
• According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their structure (anatomy) which determines their function (physiology) & Oxygen \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Nitrogen \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{▪ Cells are the structural units of \newline all living things \newline ▪ The human body has 50 to 100 \newline trillion cells \newline ▪  Continuity of life has a cellular \newline basis \newline ▪ Cells are about 60\% water}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Centrioles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two centrioles lie perpendicular to each other just outside the nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{These bundles of microtubules play a role in cell division.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peroxisomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Free radicals are converted to hydrogen peroxide and then to water} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Golgi Apparatus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
prepares and packages them for export to other parts of the body \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
1. The ER delivers a protein molecule to the Golgi apparatus. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
2. The protein passes through each of the sacs of the Golgi apparatus, \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
undergoing modifications along the way. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
3. The Golgi apparatus envelopes the protein and then pinches off the \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
portion of itself containing the protein, creating a vesicle. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
4. The vesicle migrates to the surface of the cell and pops open to secrete \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
the protein inside. Some of the protein becomes part of the plasma \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
membrane; some become secretory vesicles that store substanc% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Golgi Apparatus}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Appears as a stack of flattened membranes associated with tiny vesicles & Produces different types of packages \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Modifies and packages proteins arriving from the rough ER via transport vesicles & ‒ Secretory vesicles \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ‒ In-house proteins and lipids \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ‒ Lysosomes \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Lacks ribosomes \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• Functions in lipid metabolism \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• Detoxification of drugs and pesticides% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Synthesizes lipids and steroid molecules. Also acts in fat metabolism, in drug detoxification, and as a calcium ion depot.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fluid-filled tunnels (or canals) that carry substances within the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Continuous with the nuclear membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two types: \newline ‒ Rough ER \newline ‒ Smooth ER}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ribosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Made of protein and ribosomal RNA & Organelles fill the cytoplasm and perform specific tasks in metabolism. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Sites of protein synthesis in the cell & Ribosomes, which manufacture proteins, dot the surface of some of the ER (called rough ER). Smooth ER has no ribosomes; smooth ER synthesizes certain lipids and carbohydrates \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Found at two \newline locations: \newline ‒ Free in the cytoplasm \newline ‒ As part of the rough \newline endoplasmic \newline reticulum}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lysosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lysosomes are membranous vesicles that form from pinched off pieces of the Golgi apparatus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Inside, they contain enzymes that help break down protein the cell doesn't need} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This allows the cell to reuse amino acids; it also cleans out the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lysosomal enzymes can also destroy bacteria.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lysosomes have the nickname "cellular garbage disposals."} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{House phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Degrade worn-out organelles and stressed or dead cells, and they release ionic calcium from bone}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mitochondria function as the cell's "powerhouses." & Mitochondria have two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane folds back and forth across its interior; these folds are called cristae \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Spaces between the cristae contain enzymes that the organelle uses to convert organic compounds into ATP, which cells use for energy & Cells that do a lot of work (such as liver cells) contain more mitochondria than cells that do less work (such as sperm cells). \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sites of ATP formation. Internal enzymes carry out oxidative reactions of cellular respiration.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytoplasm}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Site of most cellular activities} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{▪ Three major component of the cytoplasm \newline 1. Cytosol: Fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and \newline electrolytes \newline 2. Inclusions: Chemical substances, such as stored nutrients or cell products, \newline that float in the cytosol \newline 3. Organelles: Metabolic machinery of the cell that perform functions for the \newline cell \newline ̶ Many are membrane-bound, allowing for compartmentalization of their functions}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytoskeleton}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Microvilli & Cilia & Flagella \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of the cell; they are found in cells charged with absorbing nutrients \seqsplit{(intestines).} & Hair-like processes on the cell surface; they beat in waves to propel a substance forward. & Have a whip-like motion to move a cell; in the human body, flagella occur only in sperm \tn 
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Tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane & Move materials across the cell surface &  \tn 
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 & Located in the respiratory system to move mucus &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{▪ Framework of the cell \newline ▪ Determines cell shape \newline ▪ Strengthens cell \newline ▪ Allows cell to move \newline ▪ May have extensions: microvilli, cilia, or flagella}  \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Movement Through the Cell Membrane}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{▪ Passive transport \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• Requires no energy \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• Includes diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
▪ Active transport \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
• Requires energy \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
• Includes transport by pumps and vesicles% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular Transport}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Passive Transport- The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the input of energy.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diffusion-  The spontaneous movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Osmosis- The diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Facilitated Diffusion- The movement of substances across the membrane with the help of transport proteins.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Filtration- Fluid and solutes are separated by passing them through a filter or porous membrane.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Active Transport- Substances are moved across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring the input of energy.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Vesicular Transport-  The movement of substances within a cell by the formation and fusion of vesicles.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Solute Pumping – The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient with the expenditure of energy.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}