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% Document Info
\author{CJLEE}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cellular-res-and-photosyn.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (CJLEE)
  /Subject (Cellular Res and Photosyn Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cellular Res and Photosyn Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{CJLEE} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/168365/cs/36593/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}CJLEE \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/cjlee} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th January, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellular Respiration}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Takes place in Mitochondria} \tn 
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starch is the major source of fuel & broken down into glucose \tn 
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energy harvest & Glocose is broken down in steps to harvest energy \tn 
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ETC & A sequence of membrane proteins that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions \tn 
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ETC & releases energy used to make ATP \tn 
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4 Stages: & Glycolysis - Pyruvate Oxidation - the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) - Oxidative phosphorylation \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Glycolysis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Occurs in the cytosol} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates (3C)} \tn 
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Two stages & Energy investment stage \& Energy payoff stage \tn 
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Energy investment stage & the cell uses ATP to  phosphorylate compounds of glucose \tn 
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Energy payoff stage & energy is produced by  substrate level phosphorylation \tn 
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The net energy yield per 1 glucose & 2 ATP + 2 NADH \tn 
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EI stage & 2 ATP to 2 ADP + P \tn 
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EP stage & 4 ADP + P to 4 ATP \tn 
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Net & 2 Pyruvate + 2H2O + 2ATP + 2NADH +2H+ \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pyruvate Oxidation and Cotroc Acid Cycle}}  \tn
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Pyruvate Oxidation & Turns to Acetyl CoA \tn 
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Citric Acid Cycle & AKA Krebs cycle \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix} \tn 
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turns acetyl CoA into citrate & releases CO2, synthesize ATP, and transfer electrons to NADH and FADH2 \tn 
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Inputs & 2 acetyl CoA \tn 
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Outputs & 2ATP 6NADH 4CO2 2FADH2 \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oxidative Phosphorylation}}  \tn
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Consists of & Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis \tn 
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Electron Transport Chain & located in  the inner membrane of  the mitochondria \tn 
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ETC & Collection of proteins \tn 
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ETC & Does not produce ATP directly, BUT Helps manage the release of energy by creating  several small steps for "fall" of electrons \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The cristae increase the surface area for the  reactions to occur} \tn 
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final electron acceptor & oxygen \tn 
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One major function & to create a proton  (H+) gradient across the membrane \tn 
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As proteins shuttle electrons along the ETC, they  also pump H+ into the intermembrane space & Use the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH  and FADH2 \tn 
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This gradient will power chemiosmosis & Uses hydrogen ions to power cellular work \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oxidative Phosphorylation (cont)}}  \tn
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Chemiosmosis & ATP synthase \tn 
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ATP synthase & the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP + P \tn 
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ATP synthase & Uses energy from the H+ gradient across the  membrane \tn 
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Chemiosmosis & H+ ions flow down their gradient through ATP  synthase \tn 
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ATP synthase acts like a rotor & When H+ binds the rotor spins -{}- Activates catalytic sites to turn ADP + P into  ATP \tn 
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Produces & 26-28 ATP per glucose \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Respiration without Oxygen}}  \tn
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Anaerobic Respiration & generates ATP using an ETC  in the absence of oxygen \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Takes place in prokaryotic organisms that live in  environments with no oxygen} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The final electron acceptors: sulfates or nitrates} \tn 
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Fermentation & generates ATP without an ETC \tn 
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Extension of glycolysis & Recycles NAD+, Occurs in the cytosol, NO oxygen \tn 
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Two types & Alcohol fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation \tn 
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Alcohol Fermentation (bacteria, yeast) & pyruvate is converted into  ethanol \tn 
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Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells) & When muscles run out of oxygen, they can go  through lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP \tn 
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Lactic Acid Fermentation & Breakdown of lactate \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ph}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Photosynthesis} & the conversion of light energy to  chemical energy \tn 
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Site of \seqsplit{Photosynthesis} & Chloroplast and Stomata \tn 
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Chloroplas & organelle for the location of  photosynthesis \tn 
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Stomata & pores in leaves that allow CO2 in and  O2 out \tn 
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Stroma & aqueous internal fluid \tn 
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Thylakoids & form stacks known as grana \tn 
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Chlorophyll & green pigment in thylakoid membranes \tn 
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PS II & Light energy  (photon) causes  an e- to go from an  excited state back  to a ground state \tn 
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PS I & Electrons go down  a second transport  chain \tn 
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Calvin Cycle & The calvin cycle is  cyclic electron flow \tn 
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Three phases: & 1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of RuBP \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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