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\pdfinfo{
  /Title (surveying-final-exam-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (cissapimenta)
  /Subject (surveying Final exam sheet Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{surveying Final exam sheet Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{cissapimenta} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/50094/cs/13838/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}cissapimenta \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/cissapimenta} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 7th December, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Introduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is surveying?Collection, processing \& management of spacial information} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Why is it important?Land ownership, engineering, mining, marine navigation, mapping,etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is geomatics?Study of Earth} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is geosensing?measurement of the Earth from remote, moving platforms} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{To define a horizontal plane: vertical axis matches gravity vector.Plane tangent to level surface.Long distances you can't use earth as a plane, need to account for the curvature} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{the vertical rate of change is higher than horizontal} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{vertical/elevation angle: angle to a point with respect to horizontal plane} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{zenith angle:angle to a point with respect to the zenith (vertical direction)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{horizontal angle: angle between two points measured in the horizontal plane} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Field notes:accuracy, integrity, legibility, arrangement, clarity.Pencil.Cross mistakes.Evidence} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 2 - leveling}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Process of determining elevation (heights) or difference in elevation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{level surface: curved surface orthogonal to plum line everywhere} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{vertical line: direction of gravity(indicated by plumb line)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{collimation axis: horizontal plane of instrument} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{vertical datum: any level surface to which heights are referred} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{mean sea level: mean height of ocean level taken from 26 gauges over 19 years} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{tidal datum: avg. of all high water over 19 years} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{elevation: vertical distance above datum} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{BM: permanent monument which elevation is known} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{earth curvature}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{systematic error. if BS\&FS distances are the same then effect is cancelled} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{refraction}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{difference in temperature \& pressure with altitude riser difference in refraction index of atm. systematic error.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{meter} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{feet} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Instrumentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{height difference:dumpy, tilting, automatic level} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{distance:steel band (account T \& Fpull);nylon tape;electronic distance measurement} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\seqsplit{angular:theodolite;electronic} theodolite} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{distance+angular:total station} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{other:global positioning system(gps);laser scanner} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Significant Figures SG}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{accuracy: \#of digits recorded} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{add/substract:leftmost,rightmost sg} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{multiplication:least \#sg of factors} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Errors}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Sources:natural, instrumental \&personal} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-mistakes/gross error or blunder. ex:read a tape incorrectly} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-systematic. physical or geometric law can correct. ex:thermal expansion of steel band} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-random. can't be corrected or modeled.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Precision\&Accuracy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{accuracy: nearness to true value. error is random.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{precise: consistency of a group of observations, may contain systematic error} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{probability}} (most probable \#)Dbar=(∑D/n) ; (residual) ν=Dbar-D} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{surveys contain redundant info: analysis of residuals for accuracy and remain systematic error. more equation than unknowns assumes normally distributed random error.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{error propagation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{root mean$^{\textrm{2}}$ error}} RMSE=√((∑Dbar-D)$^{\textrm{2}}$/n)} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{standard deviation}} σ=±√((∑ν$^{\textrm{2}}$)/(n-1))} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 6}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Lidar: light detection and ranging. Mainly concerned with the precise timing and range determination of the return signal. generally based on pulse lasers} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. safety concerns: MPE (max. permissible exposure) parameter: exposure duration/pulse width} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cadastral surveying}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{tenure: legal structure by which land is owned} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Land tenure components:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1- method of transferring ownership (title) via deeds (written documents which contain description of the property)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2- permanently marked boundaries on the ground} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3- officially maintain ownership records. (county clerks office or US bureau of land management-BLM)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4-official legal description} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{common law: law that has been developed on the basis of preceding rulings by judges} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{statutory law: written laws passed by legislative and government of a country and those which have been accepted by society} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Types of cadrastral surveying:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1- original: land has not yet been measured and lines of ownership set} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2- retracement: purpose of relocating ore reestablishing previously surveying  boundary lines. restore boundary markers to their original location, not to correct them. General priorities: senior rights; intent of parties; call for a survey; monuments (natural, artificial); measurements (distance, direction, area, coordinates)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3- subdivision survey: establish new smaller parcels of land within lands already surveyed} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{property description methods:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1- metes and bounds: Colonial method. giant description. start with a point of commencement (POC)} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2- block and lot: reference a plat that has been filed in the clerks office. simple, concise and fewer conflicts. descriptions usually created simultaneously and thus are not subjected to senior rights: excess or deficiency found in prorated equally.} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cadastral surveying (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3- coordinates: state plane coordinates. Pros: virtual monument that does not degrade; easily re-established; concise. Cons: reference/datum is not static due to earth movement.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{4- public land survey system PLSS} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Adverse possession: gain title to a land that is not yours. requirements: actual possession; exclusive possession; open \& notorious possession; hostile possession; continuous possession(depends on state). may require a "color of title" (claim to a parcel of real property based on some written instrument, though a defective one)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Units of Linear measurement}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1m=100cm=1000mm} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1km=1000m} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1ft=0.3048m{[}international{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1in=25.4mm} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1ft=12in} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1ch=20.1168m=66ft} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1yard=3ft} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1mile=5280ft=80ch} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1nautical mile=6076.10ft} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1ha=10000m$^{\textrm{2}}$=100mx100m} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1ac=1chx10ch} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1ac=43560ft$^{\textrm{2}}$=66ftx660ft} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1ac=0.4047ha} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{degree=(radx180°)/π} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{rad=(degree*π)/180°} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{0.1°=6'} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{0.01°36''} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{0.001°=3.6''} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{0.0001°=0.36''} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1rad=57.2958°=206264.8"} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 3}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Chaining:}} nylon tape/steel band. Error: incorrect length, temperature, incorrect tension.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Edm:}}classified accord:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1- radiation source: optical or microwave} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2-measurement principal: phase difference or pulse} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{pulse method: Problems: energy does not behave like a box. gaussian shape signal processing issue. more convenient type but not as accurate} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{phase method: ambiguity: unknown integer \# of cycles between the instrument \& reflector. Large wave lengths could measure distance without amb. Since n=0 when your are within one cycle} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3- wheter a reflector is requires or not} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 7}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Compound curve: different radius of curvature} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{broken-back curve: 2 difference curves connected by a tangent} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{reverse curve: S shape} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{spiral: has variable radius of curvature and provides a smooth transition from tangent to a certain radius of curvature} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{centripetal: force you car feels toward the center of radius of curvature. Counter-balanced by: superelevation (e) and side friction factor (fc)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{centrifugal: imaginary force that drivers feel pushing them outward due to frame of reference.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Superelevation: limits related to: climate, terrain conditions, type of area,  frequency of slow  moving vehicles} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{side friction: used to maintain path on curve.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLSS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{why? recognition of the value of grid-system subdivision and need of the colonies to revenue from the sale of public lands} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{designed to maximize number of regular sized sections and minimize field work} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{boundaries: unchangeable.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1mile=80chain and 1acre=10ch\textasciicircum{}2} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{broken into: \seqsplit{quadrangles;townships;section;1/4section}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{discrepancies thrown into sections bordering NW township} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{surveys proceed S-\textgreater{}N and E-\textgreater{}W} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Colonial survey: metes \& bounds. often dictated by the topography and other pre-existing landmarks} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 4}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bearing: horizontal angle between the line and the chosen direction north} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Azimuth: bearing referred to true north} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{deflection angle: counter-clock angle. note: back bearing: forward +180°} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{compass: angular survey measurement. bearing wrt magnetic N} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{geodetic azimuth: magnetic azimuth+declination. Magnetic pole is always moving, declination not constant} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{agonic line: zero declination, mag \& rotational pole at the same meridian} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{angular measurement: theodolite levelled so that horizontal angle or directions are measured in horizontal plane.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{double centering: angles are measured twice: face left and face right (rotated 180°). Eliminating systematic errors} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{closing the horizon: method which all angles at a station are measured} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{theodolite errors:}}collimation error: systematic. the collimation axis is not orthogonal to the trunnion axis. Collimation axis traces out a flat cone rather than a vertical plane.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 5}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Traversing: control for construction set-out. cadastral surveys to locate or establish boundaries.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{traverse station: temporary or permanent point of the traverse} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Module 8}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Low point: defines location of catch basin for drainage} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{high point defines limits of drainage area for roadways} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Design of vertical curve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{crest: sight distance, appearance, safety, comfort} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{sag: headlight sight distance, rider comfort, drainage, appearance} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{comfort: change in grade, design speed} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{appearance: change in grande} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}