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\author{chur7}
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  /Title (ap-macro-unit-4.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (chur7)
  /Subject (AP Macro Unit 4 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Macro Unit 4 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{chur7} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/166197/cs/35341/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}chur7 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/chur7} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 9th November, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.1 Financial Assets}}  \tn
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Asset & Anything of value that can be converted into cash & Cash, real estate, jewelry, car, bonds, stocks \tn 
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Liquidity & Ease (speed and value) with which an asset can be converted into cash &  \tn 
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The Barter System & Goods and services are traded directly w/o exchange of money & Problems: 1) Each trader must have something the other wants 2) Some goods cannot be split (Ex: 1 goat = 5 chickens, \_\_ goat = 1 chicken) \tn 
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Securities & A form of ownership can be easily traded on a secondary market. INTANGIBLE investment! & Stocks, bonds, mutual funds \tn 
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Bond & An \seqsplit{interest-bearing} asset often issued by businesses or the govt. Bond holders have NO OWNERSHIP of the company. Bonds are sometimes referred to as securities. &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.1 Financial Assets (cont)}}  \tn
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Why do bonds have an inverse relationship w int rates? & Most bonds pay a fixed int rate, so as int rates \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} bonds become more desirable. &  \tn 
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Stock & A security that gives you ownership in a company &  \tn 
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How can stockowners earn a profit? & {\bf{ 1) Dividends}} portions of a \seqsplit{corporation's} profits are paid out to \seqsplit{stockholders.} {\emph{The higher the corporate profit, the higher the dividend.}} {\bf{2) Capital gain}} Earned when a stockholder sells stock for more than they paid for it. &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.1 Financial Assets (cont)}}  \tn
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Treasury Securities (Open Market Operations) & {\bf{1) Treasury Bills (T-Bills)}} Mature in 1 yr or less. Sold @ \textless{} face (par) value \& can't be redeemed before maturity {\bf{2) Treasure Notes (T-Notes)}} Mature in 2-10 yrs. You collect semi-annual int ("coupon payments") and then cash it in for face value at maturity {\bf{3) Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds)}} Mature in 20-30 yrs {\bf{4) Treasury \seqsplit{Inflation-Protected} Securities (TIPS)}} Par value adjusted to CPI \seqsplit{semi-manually}. 5, 10, 30 yr maturity. &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.2 Nominal and Real Interest Rates}}  \tn
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Nominal Int Rate & Int rate that hasn't been adjusted for inflation & NIR = RIR + inflation \tn 
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Real Int Rate & Int rate that has been adjusted for inflation & RIR = NIR - inflation \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4.3 Defintion, Measurement, and Functions of Money}}  \tn
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Money \{\{bt=3\}\} & \{\{bt=3\}\} Anything generally accepted as payment for goods and services. {\bf{1) Commodity Money}}: Something that performs the function of money but also had alt uses {\bf{2) Commodity-Backed}} \seqsplit{(Representative)} {\bf{Money}}: Paper money backed by gold, silver. Guaranteed by a promise {\bf{3) Fiat Money}}: Something that serves as money but has no other important uses & \{\{bt=3\}\} 1) Commodity Money: Gold, silver, cigarettes, ramen 3) Fiat Money: Paper money, coins \tn 
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\{\{bt=3\}\}  Functions of Money & \{\{bt=3\}\} {\bf{1) Medium of Exchange}} An asset individuals use to trade for goods and services rather than consumption {\bf{2) Unit of Account}}: Unit of measure of the "value" of things. Used to set prices and make economic \seqsplit{calculations.} It is {\emph{divisible}} (\$1 = 4 quarters), {\emph{fungible}} (\$1 = \$1), \& {\emph{countable}} {\bf{3) Store of Value}}: Money holds purchasing PP for the future, and it doesn't die or spoil. Money = DURABLE. & - \{\{bt=3\}\} {\bf{1) Medium of Exchange}} Retired couple spends \$9000 on a month-long vacation {\bf{2) Unit of Account}} Name-brand good is 2x as \$ as a similar, generic good. {\bf{3) Store of Value}}: HS senior deposits his part-time salary into a savings account. A bank invests \$10 million into a stock and bond portfolio. \tn 
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\seqsplit{Measurements} of MS (Money Aggregates) & {\bf{1) M1}} Coins, paper currency, checkable deposits (including checking and debit accounts) {\bf{2) M2}} Near money accounts below \$100,000 including savings deposits, MM accounts, certificates of deposits. ALSO mutual funds, bonds, securities. {\bf{3) M3}} Near money accounts \$100,000+ including M2 & - {\bf{1) M1}}  Function: Medium of Exchange, Liquidity: High {\bf{2) M2}} Function: Store of Value, Liquidity: Medium {\bf{3) M3}} Function: Unit of Account, Liquidity: Low \tn 
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\{\{bt=3\}\}What backs our money supply? & \{\{bt=3\}\} NO GOLD STANDARD - \$ is an IOU from the govt for all debts \seqsplit{(public/private)} & \{\{bt=3\}\} \tn 
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Debit Card \{\{fa-credit-card\}\} & - Money \{\{fa-check-square\}\} A way to access checkable deposits (money) &  \tn 
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Credit Card \{\{fa-cc-amex\}\} & - Money \{\{fa-times\}\} Short-term loan w a high int rate if not paid off. Liability, not asset. & - You buy a shirt w a CC \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Visa pays the store \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} You pay VISA the price of the shirt + interest and fees (maybe) \tn 
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% That's all folks
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