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% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
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% Document Info
\author{christina lee (christinalee)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-unit-two.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (christina lee (christinalee))
  /Subject (ap bio unit two Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{ap bio unit two Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{christina lee (christinalee)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/168370/cs/35235/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}christina lee (christinalee) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/christinalee} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 7th November, 2022.\\
   Updated 7th November, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ribosomes = synthesize proteins; made of rRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Rough ER = compartmentalize cell and modify proteins synthesized by ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Smooth ER = detoxification of drugs, store calcium ions, and lipid production} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Golgi Complex = package and fold proteins coming from ER; synthesize lysosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mitochondria = ATP production for cellular respiration; contain double membrane; inner foldings are called cristae} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Lysosomes = break down waste; digest food by using phagocytosis or engulfing nutrients to digest them with enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Vacuole = water storage} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Chloroplast = photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Centrioles = small, paired cylindrical structures during cellular division, only in animal cells} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Facilitated Diffusion}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{passive transport that does not require energy} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{concentration gradient = particles move from highly concentrated area of particles to less concentrated area} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{channel proteins = hydrophilic passage for molecules to avoid hydrophobic core; ex: aquaporins} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{carrier proteins = slower than channel proteins; alter shape to transport hydrophilic molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Size}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{the greater the SA/V ratio, the more efficient the cell is} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tonicity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{hypertonic solution = more solute than inside of cell; water rush OUT OF CELL (hyper run outside); plasmolyze} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{hypotonic solution = less solute than inside of cell; water rushes INTO CELL (optimal for plants); turgid} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{osmoregulation = cells can regulate their solute concentrations, maintain water balance, allows organisms to control their internal environment} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{water potential = tendency for water to move in one direction to another (water will flow from areas of high water potential to low) (high pressure to low) (low solute to areas of high solute)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{osmosis = high water potential to low water potential} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{isotonic = same; flaccid} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{prokaryotes vs eukaryotes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{prokaryotes (bacteria): cytoplasm, nucleoid (circular DNA), cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, flagella (movement), capsule outside of membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{eukaryotes (fungi, protists, plants) : nucleus, nucleolus, only plasma membrane, membrane-bound organelles} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{small non polar molecules (N2, O2, CO2) can pass membrane easily, but larger polar molecules and ions cannot pass hydrophobic region alone} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{aquaporins = channel protein for water} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{channel proteins = a channel for smaller molecules like ions} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{carrier proteins = for larger molecules like glucose; once it enters inside, it spins to the other side of membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{glycoproteins and glycolipids help with cell signaling and the attachment of the cell to other structures} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{hydrophobic fatty acid tails repel charged and polar molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cell compartmentalization}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{eukaryotes compartmentalize their internal processes in membrane-bound organelles; much more efficient} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{eukaryotic cells = RNA is made from DNA, RNA moves out of nucleus to ribosome or ER} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{prokaryotic cells = RNA is made from DNA, RNA is immediately converted into a protein because there is no nucleus or ER} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{endosymbiotic theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{how eukaryotic cells evolved form prokaryotic cells?} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{early ancestor of eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell, and the prokaryotic cell became an endosymbiont (a cell living in another cell) which was the mitochondria and chloroplast} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{simple diffusion = passive; small non-polar molecules with concentration gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{facilitated diffusion = passive; small polar molecules and ions with concentration gradient; transport protein needed} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{osmosis = facilitate diffusion of water} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{active transport = energy needed; bulky molecules traveling against concentration gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{endocytosis = taking bulk material INTO cell} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{three types of endocytosis:} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{1. phagocytosis = cell engulfs large molecule, brings into cell, becomes food vacuole (phagosome)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{2. pinocytosis = cell engulfs small solutes, bring into cell, becomes vesicles} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{3. receptor-mediated endocytosis = receptor binds to cell. when solutes bind to receptor, forms vesicle that will bind to lysosome until solutes are digested} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{exocytosis = taking bulk material OUT OF cell; transport vesicle from golgi apparatus will fuse with membrane and release its contents outside of cell} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{plant cell vs animal cell}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{plants: cell wall, central vacuole, plasmodesmata, chloroplast} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{animals : lysosomes, centrosomes, flagella} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}